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Which vaccines help prevent cancer?
The two vaccine types used in the United States to prevent infections linked to cancer are HPV vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine. HPV vaccination prevents infection from certain human papillomavirus types associated with several cancers. Hepatitis B vaccination prevents hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which can lead to liver cancer.
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The National Cancer Institute says, “HPV vaccination can prevent cancer.” It estimates that HPV vaccination can prevent up to 90% of cancers caused by HPV infection and genital warts. That is a population-level estimate, not a guarantee for any one person. HPV is associated with cancers of the cervix, anus, oropharynx, penis, vagina, and vulva. National Cancer Institute, “HPV and Cancer,” updated May 9, 2025.
| Vaccine | Infection it prevents | Cancer prevention connection |
|---|---|---|
| HPV | Infection from certain HPV types | Helps prevent several HPV-associated cancers, including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. |
| Hepatitis B | HBV infection | Prevents HBV infection that can lead to liver cancer. |
What should I ask about HPV vaccination?
Whether you or your child is due
CDC recommends routine HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12, and it may begin at age 9. Catch-up vaccination is recommended through age 26 for people who are not adequately vaccinated. For some adults ages 27–45, vaccination may be considered through shared clinical decision-making with a clinician. Your age and documented doses determine whether vaccination is recommended and how many doses are needed. CDC HPV vaccination recommendations.
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Ask: “Which of us is due for HPV vaccine based on our ages and records?” If vaccination is indicated, follow with: “How many doses do we need, and when should each one be given?” The dose schedule depends on the age vaccination starts and certain health conditions. Ask the clinician to check the current schedule rather than relying on memory or an incomplete record.
Adult vaccination at ages 27–45
If you are 27–45 and have not completed HPV vaccination, ask what possible benefit it might offer in your circumstances. This is a shared decision with your clinician, not a blanket recommendation for every adult in this age range. Discuss your history and likely exposure risks so the conversation is specific to you.
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Immune conditions and pregnancy
Some conditions or treatments that affect the immune system can change the HPV dose schedule. CDC schedule notes call for three doses for immunocompromised people, including people with HIV. Tell the clinician about immune conditions and treatments, and ask whether they change your schedule. CDC adult immunization schedule.
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HPV vaccination should be delayed until after pregnancy. CDC says pregnancy testing is not needed before vaccination. If you are pregnant or might become pregnant, ask how to time any remaining doses. CDC vaccination guidance during pregnancy.
What should I ask about hepatitis B vaccination and testing?
CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccination for adults ages 19–59. For adults age 60 or older, vaccination is recommended if they have risk factors; those without known risk factors may also receive it. CDC also recommends one-time hepatitis B testing for all adults. CDC hepatitis B vaccine administration guidance.
Ask whether your records show that you are up to date, whether you have already had the recommended hepatitis B test, and which vaccine schedule fits your situation. If another dose is needed, confirm when to return. Share relevant exposure risks and any prior test results you have.
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Screening after HPV vaccination
HPV vaccination prevents new infections; it does not treat an infection already present and does not cover every cancer-causing HPV type. If you need cervical screening, continue it under the recommendations that apply to you even after vaccination. Ask the clinician which screening schedule you should follow. CDC HPV vaccination recommendations.
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Side effects and precautions
Ask what common side effects or precautions apply given your health history and allergies. Tell the clinician about prior reactions to vaccines, known allergies, current medicines, and relevant medical conditions so they can assess your situation.
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Cost and coverage
Ask the clinic what vaccination will cost and whether your insurance covers it. The National Cancer Institute notes that most private insurance plans cover HPV vaccination and describes possible routes through Medicaid, the Vaccines for Children program, and Merck patient assistance. Eligibility and terms can change, so verify coverage with your insurer, clinic, or the program. National Cancer Institute HPV vaccine fact sheet.
What to bring and ask at the appointment
- Vaccination records, including any prior HPV or hepatitis B doses.
- Relevant test history, including whether you have had hepatitis B testing.
- A list of immune conditions, treatments, allergies, and prior vaccine reactions.
- Information about pregnancy or possible pregnancy, if relevant.
- Questions about exposure risks, cervical screening, cost, and coverage.
You can open with: “Which cancer-preventing vaccines am I or my child due for, based on our records?” Then ask about dose timing, medical factors, hepatitis B testing, screening, and cost. The recommendations described here are U.S.-focused; schedules and vaccine availability may differ elsewhere. Ask the clinician to confirm current guidance for your situation.
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