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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesYes—you can publish an npm package from supported CI/CD systems without storing a long-lived npm write token. npm trusted publishing links a package to a specific workflow through OpenID Connect (OIDC). When that workflow runs, the CI provider issues a short-lived, signed identity token; the npm CLI exchanges it for temporary publish authorization.
This removes a persistent write credential from your CI secrets, but it does not authenticate every npm command, make a compromised workflow harmless, or guarantee that published code is safe. You still have to configure the exact workflow identity, protect release triggers, and use a separate read credential when the build installs private dependencies.
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What npm trusted publishing changes
Traditional automated publishing usually stores an npm access token in a CI secret. That token may remain valid until someone rotates or revokes it, so a leaked secret can be reused outside the intended workflow. Trusted publishing replaces that persistent credential with an OIDC exchange tied to a configured CI identity.
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The authorization is deliberately narrow. A configuration can allow direct npm publish, staged publishing, and, if separately enabled, distribution-tag changes. It is not a general replacement for npm login credentials.
How the OIDC publishing flow works
- Trust is configured on the package. A maintainer adds the CI provider and the exact identity fields in the package’s Trusted Publisher settings, or manages the relationship with the
npm trustcommand. - The workflow requests an OIDC token. The CI job must have permission to request an identity token. The token describes the provider, repository or project, workflow, and other claims used for validation.
- The npm CLI exchanges the token. npm validates that the claims match the package’s trusted-publisher entry and issues temporary publish authorization.
- The requested operation runs. The job can publish directly, submit a staged release for review, or perform an explicitly enabled dist-tag operation.
- The credential expires. The workflow does not retain a reusable npm write token after the run.
Authentication, authorization, and provenance are separate concepts. OIDC answers “which configured workflow is asking to publish?” A provenance attestation records claims about the source repository and build. Neither one proves that the package’s source is benign.
Supported CI providers and requirements
npm’s current trusted-publishing guide lists these hosted environments:
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| Provider | Runner model listed by npm | Identity fields to register | OIDC configuration detail | Automatic provenance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GitHub Actions | GitHub-hosted runners | Organization or user, repository, workflow filename, and optionally an environment | The job needs id-token: write |
Yes, when the package is public and the repository is public |
| GitLab CI/CD | GitLab.com shared runners | Namespace, project, top-level CI file path, and optionally an environment | Configure an ID token with audience npm:registry.npmjs.org |
Yes, when the package is public and the repository is public |
| CircleCI | CircleCI cloud | Organization, project, pipeline definition IDs, VCS origin, and optionally context IDs | Obtain the OIDC token and export it as NPM_ID_TOKEN |
Not currently generated automatically |
Self-hosted runners are not currently supported in npm’s guide. Provider support and field requirements are volatile, so check npm’s live trusted-publishing documentation before changing a release pipeline.
Version prerequisites
The overview requirements are distinct from the requirement for the trust-management command:
- Use npm CLI 11.5.1 or later and Node.js 22.14.0 or later for the current trusted-publishing workflow.
- The
npm trustconfiguration command requires npm 11.15.0 or later. - OIDC-based dist-tag operations have a newer CLI minimum in npm’s documentation: 11.21.0 or 12.2.0, depending on the npm major version. Verify the exact requirement in the current guide before enabling that operation.
Do not infer that installing one version number satisfies every task. A team can have a CLI new enough to publish while still being too old to manage trust entries or perform OIDC dist-tag changes.
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Configure a trusted publisher
1. Register the exact workflow identity
Open the npm package’s Trusted Publisher settings and add the provider. Enter every required field exactly as the provider reports it. npm treats these values as case-sensitive. For GitHub, that means the organization or user, repository, workflow filename, and any selected environment. For GitLab, enter the namespace, project, top-level CI configuration path, and optional environment. For CircleCI, enter the organization, project, pipeline definition IDs, VCS origin, and optional context IDs.
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2. Choose the allowed operations
Grant only what the release process needs. Direct publish lets the workflow make a release immediately. Stage-only access lets CI submit a package for a maintainer’s interactive approval before it becomes public. Dist-tag management is a separate capability and should be enabled only when the workflow must move tags such as a release channel.
3. Give the job permission to request OIDC
For GitHub Actions, add the token permission at the workflow or job level:
permissions:
contents: read
id-token: writeThe release job should then use a supported Node.js and npm version and run the normal publish command:
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GitLab requires an ID-token declaration whose audience is exactly npm:registry.npmjs.org. CircleCI’s configuration obtains an OIDC token and makes it available as NPM_ID_TOKEN. Follow each provider’s current syntax because YAML keys and token plumbing are provider-specific.
4. Complete the first validation publish
After creating a publisher entry, complete its first successful publish within two days. npm says an unused new entry expires after that window. If it expires, delete it and create the configuration again before rerunning the release.
5. Verify the real operation
Test with the intended publish or staged-publish workflow in a controlled release. npm whoami is not a valid test of trusted-publisher permissions; it does not exercise the OIDC authorization path used by publishing.
Provider-specific setup checks
GitHub Actions
- The registered workflow filename must match the file that performs the release.
- The package’s
repository.urlmust point to the same GitHub repository registered in npm. - The job or workflow must include
id-token: write. - If a reusable or child workflow is called by another workflow, npm notes that validation may use the calling workflow name. Check both names and set the required permissions on the parent and child workflows.
- Use deployment environments for approval gates and tag protection to control who can create release tags.
GitLab CI/CD
- Confirm that the namespace, project, and top-level CI file path match the trusted-publisher entry, including capitalization.
- Set the ID-token audience to exactly
npm:registry.npmjs.org. - Use GitLab.com shared runners; self-hosted runners are not listed as supported.
CircleCI
- Match the organization, project, pipeline definition IDs, VCS origin, and any context IDs exactly.
- Obtain the provider token and export it as
NPM_ID_TOKENfor the npm CLI. - Do not expect an automatic npm provenance attestation from a CircleCI trusted publish at this time.
Do you still need an npm token in CI?
For the supported publish operation, no long-lived npm write token is required. The workflow obtains temporary authorization through OIDC instead.
You may still need a credential for other jobs. In particular, a build that installs private npm dependencies needs read access. npm recommends using a separate read-only granular token for that installation rather than treating the publishing trust relationship as general registry authentication.
Commands such as private-package installation or access-management operations should therefore be designed independently from the publish step. Keep a read credential scoped to the smallest package set and environment that needs it, and do not give that credential publish rights.
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Provenance: what it proves and when it appears
Qualifying trusted publishes from GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD automatically generate npm provenance attestations when the package is public and the source repository is public. A private repository is not eligible even if it publishes a public package. CircleCI trusted publishing does not currently generate automatic provenance.
Consumers can use provenance to inspect the claimed connection between a package, its source repository, and the build instructions that produced it. Treat that record as evidence to evaluate, not as a security verdict: a documented build can still compile vulnerable or malicious source, and provenance does not replace code review, dependency review, or runtime controls.
Security decisions and hardening
Limit the trust relationship
Use the narrowest repository, workflow, environment, and operation fields available. A release workflow should not be able to publish merely because it runs somewhere in the same organization. Review changes to workflow files and release triggers as carefully as application code.
Separate build submission from release approval
Stage-only publishing is useful when CI should assemble and submit a package but a human must approve the final release. This creates a deliberate checkpoint without putting a permanent write token in the build environment.
Protect release triggers
For GitHub, npm recommends deployment environments for approvals and tag protection for release-tag creation. Apply equivalent controls in other providers: restrict who can start production releases, require review for workflow changes, and prevent untrusted pull-request code from reaching a publish job.
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Retire older credentials
After the OIDC path succeeds, review traditional npm automation tokens. Revoke unused publish tokens, restrict any remaining token to the minimum scope, and use npm’s two-factor-authentication settings where they fit your release process. OIDC reduces the persistence of the publishing credential; it does not remove the need to secure accounts, repositories, and CI permissions.
Troubleshooting failed trusted publishes
“The publisher does not match”
Compare every registered field with the actual run: provider, organization or namespace, repository or project, workflow or CI file path, environment, and (for CircleCI) pipeline and VCS identifiers. Check capitalization. If the configuration itself must change, delete it and recreate it because npm does not provide in-place editing.
GitHub reports an identity or permission error
Verify the workflow filename, the package’s repository.url, and id-token: write. For reusable workflows, inspect both the calling and called workflow names and permissions.
GitLab rejects the token
Check that the ID-token audience is exactly npm:registry.npmjs.org and that the namespace, project, and top-level CI file path match the npm entry.
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Check the npm and Node versions first. Then verify that the entry was used for its first successful publish within the two-day validation period. An expired entry must be deleted and recreated.
The team expects npm whoami to pass
That command does not validate trusted-publisher permissions. Run the actual intended publish or staged-publish operation in a controlled package and inspect the resulting release.
A private dependency install fails
OIDC publishing is not a private-package read credential. Add a separate read-only granular token for the installation step and keep it out of the publish authorization path.
Choosing among the supported providers
There is no documented benchmark that ranks GitHub Actions, GitLab CI/CD, or CircleCI for security or reliability. Make the choice from operational fit:
Quick Recap
| Decision point | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Runner eligibility | Does the release run on a currently supported hosted runner rather than a self-hosted runner? |
| Identity matching | Can the team reliably maintain the provider-specific repository, workflow, project, pipeline, environment, and context fields? |
| Provenance | Is the repository public and is automatic provenance required? GitHub and GitLab currently support qualifying attestations; CircleCI does not automatically generate them. |
| Release control | Does the provider support the team’s approval gates, protected tags, and staged-release process? |
| Version management | Can every release runner use the required npm and Node versions, including newer versions for trust management or dist-tags? |
Practical go-live checklist
- Confirm the package is using a supported provider and hosted runner.
- Install npm 11.5.1 or later and Node.js 22.14.0 or later; use npm 11.15.0 or later for
npm trust. - Register the exact provider identity fields, observing case sensitivity.
- Choose direct publish, staged publish, and dist-tag permissions separately.
- Enable the provider’s OIDC token request permission.
- Run the first successful publish within two days of creating the entry.
- Test the real publish path rather than
npm whoami. - Keep a separate read-only credential for private dependency installation.
- Protect release tags, deployment environments, workflow files, and production triggers.
- Revoke obsolete publish tokens and review the trusted-publisher list regularly.
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