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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteUPI MDR (Merchant Discount Rate) is a payment-processing fee charged to a merchant, not a tax or a fee that the customer should pay. Under the Ministry of Finance framework announced on 15 September 2026, person-to-person UPI transfers and merchant payments up to ₹2,000 remain free; specified higher-value merchant transactions have category-based fees. The revised provisions are scheduled to take effect on 15 October 2026, so the rates below describe the announced framework, not rules already in force on 7 October 2026.
What UPI MDR means
MDR is the fee associated with processing a payment accepted by a business. It is a merchant-side cost within the payment ecosystem: the Ministry of Finance says it is neither a government tax nor a charge collected by the Government or NPCI, and that it is distributed among ecosystem participants. The published framework says consumers are not to be charged MDR; banks have been advised to stop merchants from passing it on, and UPI application providers are prohibited from imposing platform fees or hidden charges under the stated framework. These policy statements do not establish that every merchant’s acquiring contract or related service has no other fees.
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For a business, the practical question is therefore not simply whether a customer pays by UPI. The relevant factors include whether the payment is person-to-person (P2P) or person-to-merchant (P2M), the transaction amount, the merchant’s classification, and the applicable merchant category.
Which UPI payments have MDR under the announced framework?
The Ministry of Finance press release and Department of Financial Services FAQ, both dated 15 September 2026, describe these rules. The revised provisions are due to take effect on 15 October 2026.
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| Transaction or merchant category | Published MDR treatment |
|---|---|
| P2P transfer | Free at any amount, according to the Ministry of Finance. |
| P2M payment of ₹2,000 or less | Free of MDR. |
| Eligible small merchant in the P2PM category | Zero MDR on all transactions when monthly UPI QR receipts are up to ₹1 lakh, according to the Ministry release. The FAQ discusses merchant classification and threshold monitoring. |
| Specified P2M transaction above ₹2,000 | 0.4%, capped at ₹300 for transactions of ₹75,000 and above. |
| Specified essential or thin-margin sector above ₹2,000 | Flat ₹5 for transactions in railways, telecommunications, insurance, fuel, and agricultural inputs. |
| Specified capital-market category | 0.02%, capped at ₹300 for mutual funds, securities, stockbrokers, and dealers. |
These categories should not be collapsed into a rule that every UPI payment above ₹2,000 automatically incurs 0.4%. The release specifies transaction and merchant categories, and the P2PM exemption applies across an eligible merchant’s transactions. The Department of Financial Services FAQ also says its MDR amendment applies to direct user-account-to-merchant-account UPI payments; credit-linked UPI payments follow separate credit-product rules.
How to calculate the stated MDR
The Department of Financial Services FAQ illustrates the standard 0.4% rate with these examples. They show the MDR calculation only, not a complete quote for a merchant’s total payment acceptance costs.
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| Illustrative transaction | Calculation | Illustrated MDR |
|---|---|---|
| ₹3,000 purchase | 0.4% of ₹3,000 | ₹12 |
| ₹50,000 purchase | 0.4% of ₹50,000 | ₹200 |
| ₹1,00,000 purchase | 0.4% would calculate to ₹400, but the stated cap applies | ₹300 |
| Transaction above ₹2,000 in a named flat-rate sector | Flat amount under the published category rate | ₹5 |
For a merchant reviewing an MDR quote, check the acquiring classification, payment category and amount, whether a percentage cap or flat rate applies, and the date from which the terms are effective. Then compare the quoted MDR with any other charges stated in the merchant’s own provider agreement; the official policy sources do not establish each provider’s ancillary fees.
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How many merchant payments are affected?
The Press Information Bureau estimates that approximately 96% of all P2M transactions will remain unaffected, because they are below the threshold or covered by the small-merchant zero-MDR framework. Separately, the Department of Financial Services FAQ says more than 95% of P2M transaction volume is at or below ₹2,000. These figures use different descriptions and denominators: the FAQ’s volume statistic should not be substituted for the PIB’s estimate of the share of transactions unaffected.
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Why merchant fees and incentives are part of the UPI picture
Payment processing has operating costs, but the figures cited in the FAQ should be read with their attribution. It cites an industry estimate of ₹20,000 crore in annual UPI operating costs for operations, infrastructure, fraud prevention, and technical support; this is not presented as an audited government cost accounting.
There is also historical policy context, distinct from the September 2026 MDR framework. A Prime Minister’s Office announcement says the low-value BHIM-UPI P2M incentive scheme for FY 2024–25 ran from 1 April 2024 through 31 March 2025, with a 0.15% incentive for eligible small-merchant transactions up to ₹2,000. The same announcement says zero MDR for RuPay debit card and BHIM-UPI transactions had been introduced from January 2020. That past incentive should not be treated as a continuing payment or as part of the newly announced rates.
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What the fee means for a business
A published MDR rate is one part of payment acceptance, not a universal cost quote. Before applying a rate to a sale or forecasting expenses, a business should establish its merchant classification with its acquiring provider, confirm whether the transaction falls into a named category, and check the agreement for any other applicable charges. The framework’s 15 October 2026 effective date also matters: on 7 October 2026, it was still a future date.
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