Glioblastoma is an aggressive cancer that begins in the brain. Symptoms depend on where the tumor is and how it affects nearby brain tissue. Scans may raise suspicion, but when it is safe to obtain a sample, examination of tumor tissue and laboratory tests usually establish the diagnosis. Initial treatment commonly combines surgery, radiation, and the chemotherapy drug temozolomide; the plan depends on the person and the tumor.
This guide is general medical information, not an individual diagnosis or treatment recommendation. A neuro-oncology team can explain how a person’s pathology report, imaging, molecular or chromosome test results, health, and goals affect care.
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What is glioblastoma?
Glioblastoma is an aggressive malignant primary brain tumor: it starts in the brain rather than spreading there from a cancer elsewhere in the body. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) notes that primary brain tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body.
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What symptoms can glioblastoma cause?
Symptoms vary with the tumor’s location and its effect on nearby brain tissue. A tumor growing into or pressing on a brain region may interfere with that region’s normal function. There is no single symptom pattern that identifies glioblastoma, and symptoms alone cannot establish that someone has a brain tumor.
A clinician needs to assess new or concerning symptoms in context. Imaging and, when safe and appropriate, tissue testing are used to investigate a suspected tumor.
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How is glioblastoma diagnosed?
Imaging can reveal a mass that is suspicious for glioblastoma, but a scan alone may not identify the precise tumor type. When it is safe, clinicians obtain tissue for examination and additional laboratory tests. The approach depends in part on whether the tumor can be reached without unacceptable harm.
- Imaging raises or clarifies suspicion. The care team reviews scans and the tumor’s location to plan evaluation and treatment.
- Surgery or biopsy obtains tissue when appropriate. Surgery may remove as much tumor as can safely be removed and provide tissue for diagnosis. If removal is not appropriate, a biopsy may be considered. When sampling would be unsafe because of location, clinicians may use imaging and other procedures to guide diagnosis and care.
- Pathology and laboratory testing refine the diagnosis. Pathology review establishes tumor type and grade; further tests may assess markers or chromosome changes relevant to classification and treatment.
Ask the neuro-oncology team what the pathology establishes, which additional test results matter, and how much tumor remains after surgery, if surgery was performed.
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What treatment commonly involves
For many adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, initial care commonly combines maximal safe surgery, radiation, and temozolomide, an oral chemotherapy medicine. The sequence and suitability of these treatments vary according to tumor location and pathology, overall health, age, patient goals, and other clinical considerations.
Surgery: remove as much as is safely possible
The goal is maximal safe removal—not removal at the cost of unacceptable neurological harm. Glioblastoma grows into surrounding tissue, so complete removal can be difficult. A biopsy may be used instead when resection is not appropriate.
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Radiation with temozolomide, followed by maintenance treatment
A common approach is radiation given five days a week for about six weeks together with temozolomide, followed by maintenance temozolomide. The US prescribing information for temozolomide, revised January 2025, indicates it for adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with radiotherapy and then as maintenance treatment. It is prescription medicine, not a self-purchase treatment.
The NCI’s summary of a randomized study of 573 people compared radiation alone with radiation plus temozolomide. The reported three-year overall-survival rates were 4.4% for the radiation-alone group and 16.0% for the combined-treatment group. These are results for groups in that study, not a forecast for an individual or a guarantee of what current care will achieve.
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Tumor-treating fields for some people
Tumor-treating fields use alternating electric fields delivered through electrode arrays worn on the scalp and connected to a portable device. The American Cancer Society describes their use with chemotherapy after surgery and radiation for some people with glioblastoma. The arrays are worn for much of the day; skin irritation and other side effects can occur. Whether this option is suitable, accessible, or covered depends on the person and jurisdiction and should be discussed with the treating team. The society’s page was last revised January 5, 2026.
How an individual plan is chosen
A care team and patient weigh the likely benefits, burdens, and risks of options rather than applying one plan to everyone. Topics to discuss include:
- Whether surgery is feasible and how much tumor can be removed while protecting neurological function.
- The radiation schedule and whether it is combined with temozolomide.
- What the pathology and molecular or chromosome test results show.
- Age, general health, functional status, and the person’s goals and preferences.
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How long can someone live with glioblastoma?
A general article or population statistic cannot predict one person’s course. The NCI identifies tumor type and grade, location, whether it can be resected, residual tumor, chromosome changes, recurrence, and general health among factors that affect prognosis and treatment options. A neuro-oncology team can interpret those factors alongside the person’s response to treatment.
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Care for recurrent disease is individualized; the cited NCI patient summary does not give one standard treatment for recurrent adult central nervous system tumors. Depending on the person’s health, tumor location, likely side effects, and whether surgery is feasible, the team may discuss different approaches. A clinical trial may also be an option when appropriate. Ask what each option is intended to achieve and how its likely benefit compares with its burdens for the individual.
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