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A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack floods a website, application, service, or network with traffic from many sources until its bandwidth, connection-handling capacity, or application resources are exhausted. The result is familiar to visitors: pages load slowly, requests fail, or the site disappears from reach. The attack usually disrupts availability rather than stealing data or changing website content.
What is a DDoS attack?
“Denial of service” means preventing legitimate users from obtaining a service. A conventional DoS attack can come from one computer or one internet connection. A distributed denial-of-service attack coordinates traffic from multiple systems, making the load harder to block by simply identifying one source.
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Those sources can include malware-infected computers, routers, internet-of-things devices and other endpoints. Some attacks use a botnet, but not every DDoS event has the same source mix, and it is inaccurate to assume that every request comes from a personal computer. The important characteristic is distribution: many systems send traffic toward the same target.
The target still has finite resources. Its internet connection has a capacity limit; firewalls, load balancers and servers maintain connection state; and the application has a limited amount of CPU, memory, database capacity and worker time. Attack traffic does not need to damage files to cause an outage. It only has to keep those resources busy long enough that ordinary visitors cannot be served.
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How does a DDoS attack take a website offline?
The path from an attack to an outage is usually a resource-exhaustion problem. Attackers distribute packets or requests so the target, or the network path leading to it, must process more work than it can complete. The exact bottleneck depends on the attack layer.
1. Bandwidth congestion
A volumetric attack sends enough traffic to consume the available capacity between the target and the wider internet. When that connection is full, legitimate packets compete with attack traffic or are delayed and dropped. A perfectly healthy web server can therefore become unreachable because requests cannot reliably get to it or responses cannot get back to users.
2. Network and transport state exhaustion
Protocol or state-exhaustion attacks put pressure on network infrastructure rather than relying only on raw bandwidth. Firewalls, load balancers and operating systems track connections and transport exchanges. If hostile traffic forces those devices to allocate, inspect or retain too much state, they can run out of connection slots or processing capacity even when the link is not saturated.
3. Application-resource exhaustion
Layer 7, or application-layer, attacks send web requests that make the site perform work. A request may trigger authentication, search, page generation, database queries or other expensive operations. Repeating such actions at scale can consume application workers, CPU, memory or database capacity. Because the requests can follow valid HTTP patterns, they may resemble normal visitors and be more difficult to separate from useful traffic.
The user-visible chain of failure
- Traffic arrives faster than one or more components can handle it.
- Queues, connection tables or worker pools fill up.
- Legitimate requests wait longer, time out or receive errors.
- Retries from browsers, mobile apps and APIs can add still more work.
- The site appears slow or offline until traffic is filtered, the attack ends, or capacity and architecture change enough to restore service.
An outage can therefore occur without a break-in. Availability is the affected security property; confidentiality and integrity may remain intact, although an incident response should still check logs and systems for other activity.
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Three main DDoS categories
| Category | Primary resource targeted | Typical effect | Why mitigation differs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Volumetric | Available internet bandwidth | The connection to the target becomes congested by packet volume. | Filtering must happen upstream or at a network edge with enough capacity; the origin cannot process traffic that never reaches it. |
| Protocol or state exhaustion | Network and transport infrastructure | Firewalls, load balancers or operating systems spend connection state and processing capacity handling hostile traffic. | Controls must recognize and discard abusive protocol behavior before state tables and connection-handling resources are depleted. |
| Application layer (Layer 7) | Website or application resources | HTTP requests consume workers, CPU, memory, database time or other service capacity. | Rules need application context. Blocking too broadly can reject real users because harmful requests may look legitimate. |
Real incidents can combine categories. A site might experience a large bandwidth flood while a separate stream of apparently normal requests targets an expensive endpoint. Defenses should therefore be evaluated by the layer they cover, the resource they protect and where filtering occurs.
How is a DDoS attack different from being hacked?
“Hacked” is often used to describe unauthorized access, data theft, malware installation or changes to a website. A DDoS attack has a different immediate objective: deny service to legitimate users. Attackers can cause an outage without obtaining administrator credentials or modifying the site.
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How can you protect a website from a DDoS attack?
No single product makes a site immune. Resilience comes from layers, each addressing a different failure mode and each introducing trade-offs.
Mitigate traffic upstream or at the edge
A distributed mitigation or content-delivery network can inspect and absorb traffic before it reaches the origin. Filtering closer to the internet edge is especially important for volumetric attacks: once the origin link is saturated, a server-side rule cannot recover the lost bandwidth.
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- Confirm which attack layers the provider’s service covers.
- Check the capacity, geographic distribution and activation process offered for your plan and architecture.
- Understand whether protection is always on or requires a detected-event response.
- Verify how clean traffic is forwarded to your origin and how logs are exposed for investigation.
Capacity and behavior are provider-specific. Treat a provider’s mitigation description as a description of that service, not as a guarantee that every host or network handles attacks identically.
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Static files and other cacheable responses can be served from edge locations without contacting the origin for every request. This lowers origin workload and can keep common pages, images, stylesheets and scripts available while an attack is being filtered.
Caching is not a cure for every event. Personalized pages, uncached API calls and expensive dynamic endpoints still require origin resources. Incorrect cache rules can also expose private data or serve stale content, so define cacheability by URL, method, authentication state and response headers.
Use a web application firewall
A WAF evaluates web requests against rules for methods, paths, headers, parameters, authentication state and known abusive patterns. It can block or challenge some application-layer traffic before the request reaches application code.
- Start with logging or a monitored mode when possible so you can identify false positives.
- Apply stricter rules to expensive endpoints such as search, login, report generation and uncached API operations.
- Allow required methods, partners and health checks explicitly.
- Review rule hits during normal traffic before enabling a blocking action.
A WAF that blocks indiscriminately can become its own availability problem by rejecting legitimate visitors.
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Rate-limit expensive actions
Rate limits restrict how often a client, identity, token, route or other key may make requests. Limits are useful for login attempts, search, checkout, password-reset and other operations whose cost is high relative to serving a cached file.
Choose a key that attackers cannot rotate cheaply and set limits from observed legitimate behavior. Include a clear response for over-limit clients and monitor the resulting blocks. Rate limiting alone may not stop a complex DDoS attack: a distributed event can spread requests across many addresses, and a limit that is generous enough for real users may still permit damaging aggregate load.
Hide and restrict the origin
If attackers can discover the origin’s address and connect directly, they can bypass the CDN or edge WAF, avoiding its cache and filtering. Restrict origin firewalls and load balancers so they accept traffic only from the intended edge path, management network or other explicitly required sources.
Rotate an exposed origin address only as part of a controlled change. Update DNS, certificates, allowlists, monitoring and integrations together; otherwise the new address may fail for legitimate services while the old one remains reachable.
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Scaling can add capacity, but scaling an application that is already receiving unfiltered attack traffic may simply increase cost without removing the bottleneck. Design critical paths so the site can remain useful when optional work is disabled:
- Serve cached or static versions of key information.
- Move nonessential jobs to asynchronous queues.
- Set finite timeouts and connection-pool limits for databases and upstream APIs.
- Keep health checks lightweight and separate from expensive customer requests.
- Use independent monitoring for user-facing availability and internal component health.
What does AWS do, and what must an AWS customer configure?
AWS describes its systems as automatically mitigating network- and transport-layer attacks in its environment. That statement applies to AWS’s infrastructure and services; it does not mean every application is automatically protected from every application-layer event.
For application-layer attacks, AWS documentation describes responses that can involve customer-configured AWS WAF protections, Shield Advanced options, AWS support and customer-managed mitigations. AWS notes that some application-layer automatic response is not enabled by default because an automated rule could block valid traffic. Feature availability and the controls you can use depend on the AWS service and the architecture you deploy.
“DDoS resiliency is the ability of your application architecture to withstand DDoS attacks while continuing to serve legitimate end users.” — AWS WAF Developer Guide, “Building basic DDoS resilient architectures with Shield Advanced.”
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For an AWS workload, document which component owns DNS, edge delivery, WAF rules, origin access, alerting and incident decisions. Test those responsibilities before an attack rather than assuming that a provider-side control will make application-specific choices for you.
What should you do if your site is under attack?
- Confirm the symptom. Check independent uptime probes, origin metrics, edge logs and application error rates. Determine whether the bottleneck is bandwidth, connection state, a particular route or a backend dependency.
- Identify the affected layer. A saturated link calls for upstream mitigation; exhausted connection tables call for network controls; expensive HTTP requests call for WAF and application rules.
- Activate the provider’s incident path. Follow the documented escalation procedure for your CDN, mitigation service or cloud provider. Supply timestamps, affected hostnames, source patterns, request paths and graphs.
- Protect the origin. Confirm that direct-origin access is blocked or restricted. Do not publish an origin address while troubleshooting.
- Apply narrowly scoped controls. Challenge or block patterns that are demonstrably abusive, and rate-limit expensive routes. Watch legitimate success rates while rules are active.
- Preserve evidence. Retain edge, firewall, load-balancer and application logs with synchronized timestamps. Record rule changes and provider actions for later analysis.
- Communicate service status. Give users and internal teams a reliable status channel that does not depend on the failing application path.
- Review after recovery. Remove emergency rules carefully, identify the exhausted resource, and update capacity, origin restrictions, runbooks and tests.
Controls that can make an outage worse
- Blocking all traffic (blackholing): Dropping every packet can protect the rest of a network, but it also makes the service inaccessible to legitimate users. It is a last-resort availability trade-off, not routine mitigation.
- One global rate limit: A limit applied identically to every route may fail to protect an expensive endpoint or may block normal bursts from shared networks.
- Origin exposure: A hidden edge layer offers little protection if the origin remains directly reachable.
- Unreviewed WAF rules: A rule that matches a common browser, API client or partner pattern can create a self-inflicted outage.
- Scaling without filtering: More servers do not solve a saturated network link or an attack that grows with available capacity.
- Assuming one provider’s behavior is universal: Mitigation features, automatic responses, limits and responsibilities vary by provider, service and architecture.
How to evaluate a DDoS-resilience design
Before choosing a service or changing an architecture, compare options on the questions that determine whether they address your actual risk:
- Attack layer: Does the control address volumetric, protocol, application-layer attacks, or a combination?
- Protected resource: Is it defending the internet link, connection state, web workers, databases or all of these through separate controls?
- Traffic distinction: Can it tell abusive requests from legitimate use, and what happens when it cannot?
- Filtering location: Is traffic rejected before the origin, at the provider edge, or only after the application receives it?
- False-positive risk: How are real users, mobile networks, proxies, partners and accessibility tools affected by challenges or blocks?
- Prerequisites: Does the design require DNS changes, an edge proxy, origin allowlists, a particular cloud service or customer-managed rules?
- Operations: Who receives alerts, who can change rules, how quickly can support be reached, and how are emergency changes audited?
A resilient design combines these answers into a tested operating plan. It does not rely on a single promise that a site will never go offline.
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