Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesUse Web Bluetooth from a secure page and a user-initiated event: call navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice() with a service filter, connect to the device’s GATT server, then read, write, or subscribe to the characteristic your peripheral exposes. The API is for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), not arbitrary Bluetooth Classic devices, and browser support is limited. This complete example shows the permission flow, GATT operations, disconnect handling, iframe policy requirements, and the failures you need to handle in production.
What Web Bluetooth actually connects to
The Web Bluetooth API lets a page communicate with a Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral through its Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) server. A GATT server publishes services, and each service contains characteristics that can be read, written, or monitored for notifications. Your JavaScript must know the service and characteristic UUIDs (or standardized names) implemented by the target device.
This is not a general-purpose Bluetooth API. A peripheral that exposes only Bluetooth Classic profiles will not work through Web Bluetooth. Treat the device’s GATT documentation as a prerequisite: it should identify the primary service, characteristic properties (read, write, notify, and so on), data format, and whether authentication is required.
Browser and page requirements
Use a secure context
Web Bluetooth is restricted to secure contexts. Deploy over HTTPS; during local development, use a browser-supported secure localhost origin. An insecure HTTP deployment will fail before the chooser can be used.
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Start from a user gesture
requestDevice() requires transient user activation. Call it directly from a click or another user-initiated event, rather than on page load, in a timer, or after an unrelated asynchronous task. Browsers use this gesture requirement to make the device-selection and permission decision visible to the user.
Check availability, but do not trust it as a guarantee
navigator.bluetooth.getAvailability() can provide a hint about whether Bluetooth appears available. It does not prove that an adapter is powered, that policy allows access, that a matching peripheral is nearby, or that the user will grant permission. Always handle errors from the chooser and subsequent GATT calls.
Verify support on your target browser
MDN classifies Web Bluetooth as experimental and limited availability (not Baseline). Support differs by browser, operating system, and device. Feature-detect navigator.bluetooth and check the live browser compatibility table for the platforms you intend to ship; do not promise universal support.
Minimal working example
The following page connects when the user clicks a button, reads the standard Battery Service, displays the first byte as a percentage, and reports disconnects. It is illustrative: the peripheral must actually expose battery_service and battery_level.
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<button id="connect" type="button">Connect to BLE device</button>
<output id="status" role="status">Not connected</output>
<script>
const button = document.querySelector("#connect");
const status = document.querySelector("#status");
function show(message) {
status.textContent = message;
}
button.addEventListener("click", async () => {
if (!navigator.bluetooth) {
show("Web Bluetooth is unavailable in this browser.");
return;
}
try {
show("Choose a nearby device…");
const device = await navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
filters: [{ services: ["battery_service"] }]
});
device.addEventListener("gattserverdisconnected", () => {
show("Device disconnected.");
});
show("Connecting…");
const server = await device.gatt.connect();
const service = await server.getPrimaryService("battery_service");
const characteristic = await service.getCharacteristic("battery_level");
const value = await characteristic.readValue();
show(`Battery: ${value.getUint8(0)}%`);
} catch (error) {
show(`${error.name}: ${error.message}`);
console.error(error);
}
});
</script>Replace the service and characteristic identifiers with those documented by your peripheral. A standard identifier in an example is not evidence that every device implements it.
Choosing devices: filters versus accepting everything
Prefer service filters
A filter limits the chooser to devices advertising a matching service and gives the page authorization to access that service. You can include multiple filters when several device profiles are acceptable:
const device = await navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
filters: [
{ services: ["battery_service"] },
{ namePrefix: "Sensor-", services: ["0000fff0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb"] }
]
});Use the UUID format and property names supported by the browser. A filter that is too narrow produces an empty chooser even when the peripheral is nearby.
Use acceptAllDevices only when you need broad selection
For a name-based or otherwise broad workflow, you may set acceptAllDevices: true. This option cannot be combined with filters, and it does not automatically authorize arbitrary services. List every service you will access in optionalServices:
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const device = await navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
acceptAllDevices: true,
optionalServices: [
"battery_service",
"device_information",
"0000fff0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb"
]
});If you select by name or name prefix, still include the required service UUIDs in optionalServices. After selection, the page can access only services granted by the filter or optional-service list.
Reading, writing, and notifications
Read a characteristic
const value = await characteristic.readValue();
const firstByte = value.getUint8(0);
const text = new TextDecoder().decode(value);Interpret the returned DataView according to the peripheral’s protocol. Multi-byte values may require an explicit byte order, scaling factor, or checksum.
Write bytes
const command = new Uint8Array([0x01, 0x00]);
await characteristic.writeValue(command);The characteristic must advertise a write property. Some devices distinguish write-with-response from write-without-response; use the operation exposed by the browser and device, and observe the peripheral’s packet-size and timing rules.
Subscribe to notifications
await characteristic.startNotifications();
characteristic.addEventListener("characteristicvaluechanged", event => {
const bytes = new Uint8Array(event.target.value.buffer);
console.log("Notification bytes", bytes);
});Stop notifications when the page no longer needs them:
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await characteristic.stopNotifications();Reconnect after a drop
device.addEventListener("gattserverdisconnected", async () => {
show("Disconnected. Click Connect to try again.");
// Reconnect only when your UX and device allow it:
// await device.gatt.connect();
});A disconnect can be caused by leaving range, powering down the peripheral, radio interference, or a peripheral-side error. Reconnecting is asynchronous and can fail again; provide a visible retry path instead of assuming the link is permanent.
Cross-origin iframe and Permissions Policy
The bluetooth Permissions Policy defaults to self. A top-level page can use the API without an iframe delegation, but a cross-origin embedded page needs both server policy permission and an iframe attribute. For example, the embedding response must authorize the embedded origin, and the iframe must include:
<iframe
src="https://widget.example/ble.html"
allow="bluetooth">
</iframe>The exact policy header must name the origin you trust. If either the response policy or the iframe’s allow attribute is missing, the chooser can be blocked even in a browser that otherwise supports Web Bluetooth. Keep the delegation as narrow as possible.
Failure diagnosis
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
navigator.bluetooth is undefined |
Unsupported browser, platform, or insecure context | Serve HTTPS, feature-detect, and verify support for the target browser and operating system. |
| Chooser never opens | Call was not triggered by a transient user activation | Invoke requestDevice() directly inside the click handler; do not defer it behind timers or unrelated awaits. |
| No devices appear | Peripheral is off, out of range, not advertising the filtered service, or the filter is wrong | Confirm advertising and UUIDs, temporarily test a known service filter, and keep the device close to the computer or phone. |
| Permission or policy error | Denied prompt, blocked bluetooth policy, or missing iframe delegation |
Allow the device, check site permissions, and configure the response policy plus allow="bluetooth" for cross-origin frames. |
getPrimaryService() fails |
The service was not authorized or the device does not expose it as a primary service | Add the UUID to a filter or optionalServices, then verify the peripheral’s GATT table. |
| Characteristic lookup fails | Wrong UUID or characteristic belongs to another service | Use the peripheral’s exact characteristic UUID and retrieve it from the correct service. |
| Read or write fails | Characteristic lacks that property, data is malformed, or the link dropped | Check characteristic properties and payload format, then handle disconnects and retry deliberately. |
| Works once, then stops | Device disconnected or notifications were not re-established | Listen for gattserverdisconnected, show connection state, and reconnect and restart notifications only after success. |
Production checklist
- Run from HTTPS and test the exact browser/OS combinations you support.
- Call the chooser from a clearly labeled user action.
- Use the narrowest service filters practical; use
optionalServicesonly for services needed after selection. - Display permission, connecting, connected, and disconnected states.
- Validate every byte received from the peripheral before using it.
- Handle cancellation, denied permission, missing devices, GATT errors, and radio disconnects.
- Do not treat
getAvailability()as proof that a connection will work. - For iframes, configure both the HTTP Permissions Policy and the iframe
allowattribute. - Never request more services than the feature needs; users should understand what device access they are granting.
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Frequently asked questions
Can JavaScript connect to Bluetooth Classic?
No. Web Bluetooth targets Bluetooth Low Energy peripherals exposed through GATT. A Classic-only device needs a different integration, such as a native application or a device that also offers BLE services.
Can a page reconnect automatically on reload?
Do not assume it can. Store only the state your application needs, request the device through the browser’s permission model, and be prepared for the user to select it again or for the connection to fail.
Why does a device appear but its service is inaccessible?
Selection and authorization are separate. Add the service to a filter or optionalServices, and confirm that the UUID and service type match the peripheral’s GATT definition.
Is getAvailability() enough for a “Bluetooth supported” check?
No. It is only an availability hint. The real chooser, permission decision, adapter state, device advertising, and GATT connection can still fail.
Quick Recap
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