Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsBuild accessibility into the interface from its HTML structure through its interactive behavior, then test with both automated checks and people-focused manual review. Use WCAG 2.2 as the requirements baseline for the conformance level your project must meet; use semantic HTML first, implement keyboard and assistive-technology behavior deliberately, and verify critical journeys in the browsers and assistive technologies your users rely on.
Start with WCAG 2.2, and distinguish requirements from guidance
WCAG 2.2 is organized around four principles: content must be perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. Its success criteria are the normative requirements. Identify the conformance level and target that apply to your project rather than implying that every site has the same legal or contractual obligation. The W3C published WCAG 2.2 as a Recommendation on 5 October 2023: WCAG 2.2.
Use the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide (APG) as implementation guidance, not as a substitute conformance standard. It provides patterns and keyboard interaction models for common widgets, but WCAG sets the requirements. As the W3C puts it: “The accessibility guidance in the APG is different from accessibility requirements specified by WCAG and ARIA.” See the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide.
Likewise, WCAG techniques are examples, not mandatory recipes. The W3C states: “Techniques are examples of ways to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). They are not required to meet WCAG.” A different implementation can conform if it actually satisfies the relevant criteria. See All WCAG 2.2 Techniques.
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Use semantic HTML before creating custom controls
Choose elements for their purpose: headings for headings, links for navigation, buttons for actions, and native form controls for data entry. Native controls used according to their specifications already expose important semantics and behavior. A custom control makes your team responsible for recreating and maintaining those behaviors.
- Use an
<a>element for navigation and a<button>for an action. Avoid making a genericdivact like a control when a native element fits. - Keep the source order, reading order, and focus order coherent. Avoid CSS visual rearrangement that makes the sequence confusing.
- Use headings and landmarks to give pages a meaningful structure that assistive technology users can navigate.
- Set the document language, for example
<html lang="en">, to identify the page’s language.
Before building a custom widget, write down its expected role, accessible name, state or value, keyboard model, and focus behavior. The W3C’s WCAG 2.2 Recommendation requires names, roles, and values to be programmatically determinable for relevant controls; standard HTML controls supply these when used as specified.
Use ARIA for semantics, not as a replacement for behavior
ARIA can expose roles, names, states, properties, landmarks, and status messages to user agents. It does not automatically provide the interaction model of a native control. For a custom menu, dialog, tab set, combobox, grid, or similar widget, consult the relevant APG pattern, implement its keyboard and focus behavior, and test the result in your target browser and assistive-technology combinations.
Keep ARIA state synchronized with the interface. For example, when JavaScript opens or closes a disclosure, update its aria-expanded value to reflect the actual state. Incorrect or stale ARIA can mislead users; it does not repair an interaction that does not work. GOV.UK’s accessibility guidance for developers cautions that ARIA is easy to implement incorrectly and recommends updating state attributes as the UI changes.
Make content and controls perceivable and robust
Give images and controls meaningful names
Provide text alternatives for non-text content that convey its purpose. If an image is decorative or only for formatting, ensure assistive technology can ignore it. Give each interactive control an accessible name that describes its purpose, and make its role and current state or value programmatically available.
Preserve access across visual and technical conditions
- Keep keyboard focus visible and make sure it does not disappear off screen or become trapped.
- Check that text and controls remain usable when text is enlarged and when users adapt colors.
- Use descriptive link text so the destination or purpose makes sense outside its surrounding paragraph.
- Make status messages available to assistive technology without moving focus unnecessarily.
- Where the service permits, use progressive enhancement so essential functionality remains usable if CSS or JavaScript is unavailable.
These practices support the WCAG principles of perceivability and robustness; they do not replace checking the success criteria relevant to your project.
Make forms, validation, and status updates usable
Associate every form control with a label. Provide instructions where users need them, and group related controls with <fieldset> and <legend> when that structure is appropriate. Ask only for information needed to complete the task, and make forms as short as the task allows.
When validation fails, identify the field and explain the problem in visible text that is programmatically associated with the affected control. Ensure dynamic status updates reach assistive technology without forcing focus to jump unnecessarily. WCAG 2.2 includes Name, Role, Value at Level A and Status Messages at Level AA. The W3C’s Forms Tutorial, updated 27 March 2026, maps form practices to criteria including Info and Relationships, Headings and Labels, and Labels or Instructions.
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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Avoid time limits on forms where possible. If a limit is necessary, provide a way to turn it off or extend it, except where circumstances such as a live event or time essential to a valid submission make that impractical.
How do I make a custom widget keyboard accessible?
Start by asking whether a native HTML control can meet the need. If a custom widget is necessary, use an appropriate APG pattern as a practical starting point: determine which keys operate it, how focus enters and leaves, what happens to focus when its state changes, and how its name and state are exposed. Then implement and test those behaviors; ARIA attributes alone do not create them.
Keyboard support means more than making an element focusable. Users must be able to reach and operate every function from a keyboard interface, and focus must follow a usable sequence and remain visible. Check Tab navigation and the expected arrow, Enter, and Space keys for the widget’s pattern. Verify that the interaction works in the browser and assistive-technology combinations relevant to your users. The APG provides widget patterns and keyboard models, while its guidance remains informative rather than a WCAG conformance guarantee.
How do I make form labels and errors accessible?
- Give each control a persistent, programmatically associated label; do not rely on placeholder text alone.
- Put relevant instructions near the control and associate them programmatically when needed.
- Group related choices with a fieldset and legend when users need to understand them as a unit.
- On an invalid submission, identify the affected field and explain what needs correction in text.
- Make the error visible and associated with the field so it is available to assistive technology.
- For changing status or confirmation messages, expose the update without moving focus unless the interaction requires it.
Consult the W3C Forms Tutorial for patterns covering labels, instructions, grouping, and validation.
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Test accessibility throughout development
Do not leave accessibility checks until launch. Begin with shared templates, high-touch pages, and critical user journeys, then repeat checks as components and flows change. Digital.gov recommends this prioritization in its developer guide.
Run a repeatable manual pass
- Use Tab and the expected arrow, Enter, and Space keys. Can you reach anything that’s interactive using the tab key? Confirm every action is reachable and works.
- Check that focus is visible, follows a logical order, stays on screen, and is not trapped.
- Use a screen reader to check whether content, controls, labels, instructions, and dynamic updates are announced meaningfully. Can you use a screen reader to access the page content?
- Confirm the document language, descriptive link text, and an efficient route to the main content, such as a skip link where applicable.
- Increase text size and change colors to check whether content and controls remain usable.
- Exercise forms, error states, dialogs, menus, and other dynamic interactions.
- Where the architecture permits, check whether essential service behavior remains usable without CSS or JavaScript.
Combine manual review with tool-assisted checks. Automation can help find classes of issues, but a scan alone does not establish conformance or judge whether content, labels, focus order, and interaction are usable. Test common browser and assistive-technology combinations for your audience, and record what was actually tested against the project’s target.
Choose the right testing evidence
Different checks answer different questions. Automated tools can flag some detectable code and accessibility issues; keyboard review exercises interaction; screen-reader testing checks announcements and access to content; human review judges whether names, instructions, and flows make sense. No single check described here covers every issue type or proves that a site meets a particular WCAG target.
| Check | Useful for | What it does not establish by itself |
|---|---|---|
| Automated scan | Finding some detectable classes of issues in markup and rendered pages. | Whether all interactions work, content is meaningful, or the project conforms to its actual target. |
| Keyboard pass | Whether functions are reachable and operable from a keyboard, with usable visible focus. | Whether screen-reader announcements and all content alternatives are correct. |
| Screen-reader and browser testing | Whether content, controls, labels, instructions, and updates are exposed meaningfully in tested combinations. | Behavior in combinations that were not tested or conformance of the whole site by itself. |
| Human review of critical journeys | Whether the task flow, instructions, and feedback are understandable and usable. | Unreviewed routes, templates, or assistive-technology combinations. |
Capture screenshots without confusing visual review with accessibility testing
Screenshots can help developers inspect visual states and document pages, but an image of a page cannot establish that controls are keyboard-operable, labels are exposed, or status changes are announced. Treat captures as a visual aid within the wider testing process.
Or skip the browser setup:
For a clean screenshot from one GET request, use ScreenshotNeo, a website screenshot API and MCP server. The service accepts cookie or consent banners like a visitor and removes 60+ known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks or CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits cost nothing, and responses identify the page verdict and billing status in X-Page-Verdict and X-Billed headers.
With an API key, this cURL request saves a WebP screenshot of the target page. See the ScreenshotNeo documentation for request options.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webp
Python:
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"}, timeout=90)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)
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Node.js:
const q = new URLSearchParams({ access_key: 'YOUR_API_KEY', url: 'https://stripe.com' });
const res = await fetch(`https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot?${q}`);
ScreenshotNeo also offers an MCP server for AI agents, with take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools. Its Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. These captures can support visual inspection, but they do not replace keyboard, screen-reader, or conformance testing. Sign up for 1,000 free screenshots a month with no card.
Keep an evidence trail tied to your target
For each tested journey or shared component, note the browser and assistive technology used, the keyboard path checked, relevant automated findings, and any unresolved issue. State the scope of the review rather than claiming that a tool or technique proves compliance. Revisit checks when shared components, forms, or dynamic interactions change.
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