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Freedom251 › Blog › Antarctica

Was September’s Ozone Hole the Biggest in 25 Years? What the Latest Data Show

By Freedom251 Team · · 4 min read

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No. The latest fully reported result in the official sources is for 2025: the Antarctic ozone hole’s average area from September 7 to October 13 was the fifth-smallest since 1992, and the 14th smallest in the satellite record beginning in 1979. The undated claim that it was the biggest in 25 years cannot be matched to a particular September or measurement, but it does not describe the 2025 seasonal average.

What the latest September measurements show

NOAA and NASA reported that the 2025 ozone hole had an average area of 18.71 million square kilometers (7.23 million square miles) between September 7 and October 13. That was the fifth-smallest seasonal mean since 1992. Across observations beginning in 1979, it ranked 14th smallest.

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Those rankings describe the seasonal average area, not the largest footprint reached on any single day. The 2025 one-day maximum was 22.86 million square kilometers (8.83 million square miles), reached on September 9. NOAA and NASA report both measurements in their November 24, 2025 update.

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Why “biggest in 25 years” needs a year and a metric

The phrase is incomplete without saying which September, which comparison period, and what “biggest” measures. A seasonal mean and a one-day maximum are different statistics; a ranking against the years since 1992 is also not the same as one against the full record since 1979. The original publication date and the intended measurement behind the undated headline are not established here.

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Measure Value What it describes
2025 seasonal mean area 18.71 million square kilometers (7.23 million square miles) Average area from September 7 to October 13; fifth-smallest since 1992 and 14th smallest since 1979, according to NOAA and NASA.
2025 one-day maximum extent 22.86 million square kilometers (8.83 million square miles) Largest daily extent of the 2025 season, reached September 9, according to NOAA and NASA.
2006 seasonal mean area 26.60 million square kilometers (10.27 million square miles) Average area cited by NOAA and NASA for comparison with the 2025 seasonal mean.
Historical one-day maximum 29.5 million square kilometers NASA’s educational explainer identifies September 25, 2006 as the greatest historical one-day extent.

The values for 2006 are not interchangeable: 26.60 million square kilometers is a seasonal average, while 29.5 million is a one-day maximum. NASA’s annual ozone-hole data table defines its mean-area measure for September 7 through October 13. NASA explains the historical maximum in its ozone-hole explainer.

What scientists mean by the ozone hole

The ozone hole is not a literal opening in the atmosphere, and it does not mean the ozone column is empty. It is the mapped area where total-column ozone falls below 220 Dobson Units (DU). A Dobson Unit measures the amount of ozone in a column of atmosphere; the area is calculated from the ground beneath the region below that threshold.

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Area is only one way to describe ozone depletion. NOAA reported that the lowest ozone concentration measured at the South Pole in 2025 was 147 DU on October 6. The record-low South Pole measurement was 92 DU in October 2006. These concentration readings are not area measurements and should not be compared to square-kilometer figures. See NOAA’s 2025 report and NASA’s ozone-hole overview.

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Why the hole grows and shrinks each year

Antarctic ozone depletion is seasonal. Ozone-hole growth begins in August, and its area and depth are generally greatest from mid-September to early October. Very cold stratospheric conditions allow polar stratospheric clouds to form. Reactions on the clouds activate chlorine, and sunlight enables chemical reactions that destroy ozone.

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Year-to-year weather matters: stratospheric temperatures and conditions in the polar vortex affect how favorable the atmosphere is for ozone loss. NASA Ozone Watch describes the seasonal pattern and the role of these conditions in its Southern Hemisphere ozone-hole methodology and facts. A large or small season by itself is therefore not a simple measure of long-term progress.

Is the ozone layer recovering?

The long-term trend points toward gradual recovery, but the recovery is incomplete and does not prevent annual fluctuations. Chlorine- and bromine-containing chemicals, including CFCs once used in products such as aerosol sprays, foams, air conditioners, and refrigerators, can persist in the atmosphere for decades or longer. The Montreal Protocol, adopted in 1987, and subsequent amendments phased down ozone-depleting substances and helped drive the decline.

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NOAA senior scientist Stephen Montzka said that Antarctic stratospheric levels of ozone-depleting substances had fallen by about a third from pre-ozone-hole levels since peaking around 2000. NOAA and NASA project Antarctic recovery around the late 2060s as legacy emissions taper; that is a projection, not a guaranteed date. Their 2025 update explains both the observed trend and the outlook.

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How to read future “largest ozone hole” headlines

  • Check the year and measurement dates: a September snapshot may not represent the full season.
  • Look for the metric: seasonal mean area, one-day maximum extent, or ozone concentration in DU.
  • Check the ranking window: a result since 1992 is not a ranking across the full record since 1979.
  • For fine-grained comparisons, remember that the long satellite record combines observing systems and analysis products. NASA Ozone Watch documents data streams including early TOMS instruments, OMI on Aura from 2004, and OMPS on Suomi NPP from 2016; its area calculations also use assimilated ozone data to fill gaps.

The latest complete annual result in the cited NOAA and NASA reporting is for 2025; it does not establish a completed 2026 ranking.

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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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