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Freedom251 › Blog › EPA

U.S. Water Bills Rose 62% in 10 Years: Where Rates Are Highest

By Freedom251 Team · · 4 min read

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Typical household drinking-water bills rose 62% from 2015 to 2025 across the systems in a Food & Water Watch study. Its 2025 comparison assumes annual use of 60,000 gallons; it is a system-rate analysis, not a count of what every household pays for water, sewer and stormwater.

What the 62% increase measures

Food & Water Watch analyzed rates at 500 of the largest community water systems, which it says collectively serve 155 million people, or 45% of the U.S. population. The decade-long increase is calculated from the 452 systems included in both the 2015 and 2025 surveys. The study says the difference between the two survey samples mainly reflects changing service populations; system consolidations and territories added to the newer analysis also affected which systems were included. Flint, for example, was outside the 2025 top-500 selection after its service population declined. Food & Water Watch’s report presents the analysis, while its interactive map displays system-level results.

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The figure describes drinking-water rates under a standardized usage scenario, not a government census of all U.S. household bills. The analysis does not include wastewater or stormwater rates, so its annual amounts are not directly comparable with a household’s combined monthly water-and-sewer bill.

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How the map calculates a typical bill

For its comparison, the study assumes a household uses 60,000 gallons a year—equivalent to 50 gallons per person per day—and has a 5/8-inch meter, or the smallest meter available. It uses rate schedules collected for December 2025 and includes applicable recurring fees, surcharges, taxes and shared fixed water/sewer charges apportioned to water service. It excludes one-time fees and wastewater and stormwater rates; where seasonal rates apply, it averages them. These assumptions make system rates comparable, but they do not predict a particular customer’s actual bill.

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Where the study found the highest and lowest bills

Under that 60,000-gallon scenario, Food & Water Watch reports an average 2025 annual drinking-water bill of $531. Its listed system-level range runs from $133 in Hempstead, New York, to $1,416 in San Jose, California. Those are amounts for the study’s assumed usage and rate calculations—not what every customer in either place pays.

The study’s state comparisons also show a wide spread: the three largest analyzed systems in Idaho averaged $286 a year, while the two largest in West Virginia averaged $1,383. The map is useful for locating system-level differences, but the report’s methodology and tables are the place to check the underlying figures.

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What the study says about public and corporate systems

In the systems analyzed, corporate-owned providers had an average 2025 annual bill of $823, compared with $494 for publicly owned systems—a difference of $329, or 67%. Food & Water Watch also reports that corporate-system bills rose 67% from 2015 to 2025, versus 62% for public systems. These are comparisons within the study’s dataset, not proof that ownership alone caused the gap; local costs, infrastructure needs, water sources and other system characteristics can differ.

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How to interpret the affordability figures

Food & Water Watch classified a drinking-water bill as a high burden when it exceeded 1.5% of income for households in the lowest-income quintile. By that report-specific threshold, 93% of analyzed systems exceeded the limit. The organization also reports particularly high burdens in Puerto Rico and West Virginia. This is a calculation about system rates and a specified income group, not a universal federal definition of unaffordable water.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2024 Water Affordability Needs Assessment estimated that 12.1 million to 19.2 million U.S. households lack affordable access to water services, with unaffordable bills totaling an estimated $5.1 billion to $8.8 billion annually. EPA assessed combined water and wastewater service using 3% and 4.5% income thresholds and says there is no single universal definition of water affordability. Its household-level estimate covers a different service scope and method from Food & Water Watch’s system-level drinking-water calculation, so the figures should not be treated as equivalent.

Why your own water bill may differ

A utility’s rates are only part of an individual bill. The EPA says charges can depend on how much water a household uses, the utility’s billing structure, location, and the cost of operating and maintaining infrastructure. Household size, outdoor watering, leaks and inefficient fixtures can affect consumption. Customers billed by usage may see a lower variable charge when they conserve; customers on flat fees do not necessarily pay less for using less. Neither lower use nor leak repairs can erase fixed charges or a rate increase.

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What to do if your bill is unaffordable

  • Check your utility’s rate schedule and bill breakdown to see which charges are usage-based and which are fixed. Compare like with like: annual use, meter size, billing period, service type and included fees all matter.
  • If the bill is unexpectedly high, review usage for leaks and changes such as outdoor watering, then ask the utility how consumption affects your rate.
  • Contact the utility and ask whether it offers a Customer Assistance Program, bill discounts, special rates or payment plans. The EPA’s water affordability page describes consumer options and links to conservation guidance, including WaterSense.

EPA also provides a separate Water Infrastructure and Capacity Assessment Tool to screen for utilities that may benefit from technical assistance. It is not the Food & Water Watch rate map; EPA advises users to verify potential needs with local information.

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