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The Next AI Winners May Be the Adopters, Not the Builders: What the Evidence Supports

By Freedom251 Team · · 7 min read

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Will companies that use AI end up making more money than the companies that build it? The evidence so far supports a narrower claim than the headline. AI adoption can raise productivity under the right conditions, and some of the best-measured gains come from firms that invest alongside the technology. No source reviewed here compares the financial returns of adopters with those of AI builders. “Adopters win” is a thesis worth testing, not a result.

This article sets out what is known about adoption, what the productivity studies show, why returns vary between firms, and what evidence would settle the builder-versus-adopter question.

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What “winning” means for each side

Builders and adopters earn money in different ways, so “who wins” depends on which profit pool you look at.

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  • Builders sell models, chips, cloud capacity, or AI-enabled software. Their revenue comes from customers’ spending.
  • Adopters use AI to cut costs, produce more, improve products, or reorganize work. Their gains show up as margins, output, or new revenue, and they are only realized if competitors and suppliers do not take the benefit.

The studies available focus on adoption and productivity. They do not measure margins, capital costs, or investment returns for builders next to adopters. Any claim that one group will be more profitable is therefore an inference from the evidence, not a finding.

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How much AI adoption is actually happening

Adoption figures look contradictory until you check who is being counted. These measures are not interchangeable.

Measure Figure Source and date What it counts
Firms that had adopted AI 18% Federal Reserve note summarizing Census business survey data, as of year-end 2025 Share of U.S. firms, under the survey’s definition of AI use
Individuals using generative AI for work 41% Federal Reserve, individual-level survey, November 2025 Share of people, not firms; do not compare directly with 18%
Firms using AI in a business function 18% U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies working paper, November 2025–January 2026 Share of firms with use in at least one function
Same, employment-weighted 32% Same working paper Share of workers employed at firms reporting use

The Census working paper also reports that firms expected adoption to reach 22% within six months. That is an expectation, not an outcome.

Usage is not the same as transformation

Most adoption appears to be narrow. An NBER summary reports that adopters often use AI in three or fewer business functions, commonly Sales and Marketing, Strategy, and IT. The San Francisco Fed’s summary describes adoption among U.S. firms as widespread but shallow. It reports low capital deepening, with adopters often renting intangible capital from upstream providers, and small near-term net employment effects in the evidence it surveys.

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That matters for the thesis. If many firms simply subscribe to the same tools from the same suppliers, access alone is a weak basis for lasting advantage. A firm that grants employees a chatbot and a firm that rebuilds a core process around AI are both counted as “adopters”, yet they may see very different results.

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What the productivity evidence says

Firm-level estimates are positive but conditional

A European Investment Bank study estimates that AI adoption raised labor productivity by about 4% among European firms. The paper attributes the effect to capital deepening rather than job losses and finds stronger gains among medium and large firms. This is one study’s estimate for one sample, not a forecast for any given company.

A European Commission analysis (2026) reports a 4.6% perceived efficiency gain among AI users. It extrapolates this to a 1.5% average time gain across the whole employed population. The second number is a projection from self-reported gains, not an observed economy-wide result.

The aggregate data has not caught up

The International Labour Organization concluded in May 2026 that no clear AI-driven productivity growth had yet appeared in official sectoral or macroeconomic statistics. It points to slow diffusion and measurement gaps as possible explanations. This does not show that firm-level gains are illusory, but it does mean the claim that AI is already lifting the economy is not established.

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Expectations are not outcomes

Research from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis finds some evidence linking firms’ reasons for adopting AI to changes in production processes, including greater R&D intensity. That is not a general profit effect. A separate 2026 BEA paper asks whether more intensive AI use in 2025–2026 corresponds to stronger economic performance during 2016–2024. The summary available gives the question rather than a conclusion, so it should not be read as support either way.

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Why returns differ between adopters

The case for adopters is strongest when stated conditionally: firms that combine AI with the right capabilities, investment, and workflow changes may gain more than firms that only provide access to tools.

Digital capabilities and worker skills

The OECD’s review of small and medium-sized enterprises says the productivity advantages of AI depend on the digital capabilities of firms and workers, on complementary investment, and on effective integration into operations. It also notes that gains can take time to appear. Smaller firms may struggle with exactly these complementary assets.

Complementary investment

The EIB’s finding that gains come through capital deepening points the same way. Spending on data, software, compute, training, and process change appears to be part of how adoption pays off, which also means adoption has a cost that headline productivity figures do not capture.

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Workflow integration

A tool that adds review work, or sits outside the core process, is unlikely to match the return from a redesigned workflow. OECD analysis emphasizes organizational change for this reason.

Firm size and sector

The EIB paper finds gains concentrated in medium and large firms. An executive survey summarized by the Federal Reserve reports larger expected effects in high-skill services and finance. Both are findings from specific samples and methods and may not carry over to other settings.

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Builders versus adopters: the questions that decide it

Whether adopters out-earn builders turns on five questions. For each, the table notes what the available evidence does and does not show.

Question What it asks Evidence status
Where does revenue accrue? Sales of models, chips, cloud, and software versus cost savings, output, and quality gains Analytical distinction only; no comparative company results in the sources reviewed
What does each side spend? Infrastructure and research for builders; software, data, training, and organizational change for adopters Adopter-side complementary costs are supported (EIB, OECD); no matched cost comparison exists in these sources
Who keeps the benefit? Whether customers retain productivity gains or suppliers capture them through pricing Unresolved; it would need company filings or sector-specific reporting
How deep is implementation? Trying a tool versus integrating it across important workflows Surveys show many adopters use AI in few functions (Census, NBER)
Is the gain measured or expected? Perceived efficiency and expectations versus realized productivity and profit Perceived and expected gains are documented; aggregate proof is not (BEA, ILO)

The value-capture question is the hardest. If AI tools are rented from a small number of upstream suppliers, as the San Francisco Fed’s summary suggests many adopters do, suppliers could keep much of the surplus through pricing. If competition among suppliers pushes prices down, more of it could pass to users. Nothing in the sources reviewed settles which way this goes, and it may differ by market.

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How to tell whether the thesis is holding up

The most useful evidence would be data that connects AI use to profitability, not just to productivity or sentiment. Watch for:

  • Official productivity statistics that show AI-linked gains in specific sectors, which the ILO says had not appeared as of May 2026.
  • Firm-level studies that link depth of AI integration, not just use, to margins and returns on investment.
  • Company filings in which adopters report AI-attributed cost reductions or revenue growth, set against what they spend on implementation.
  • Pricing trends from model and cloud providers, which indicate how much surplus suppliers keep.
  • Whether adoption deepens beyond the three or fewer functions that many adopters currently report.

What this means if you run or advise a business

  1. Measure the process, not the licence count. Pick one or two workflows where AI could change cost, speed, or quality, and set a baseline before rollout.
  2. Budget for complements. Plan for data cleanup, training, integration, and review time, since the studies tie gains to these investments.
  3. Redesign the work. Decide what changes in the process, who checks the output, and what gets removed, not just which tool to add.
  4. Treat self-reported savings with caution. The 4.6% perceived gain in the European Commission analysis is a perception, and the 1.5% population figure is an extrapolation. Verify against output, error rates, or cost.
  5. Watch supplier dependence. If the capability you rely on is rented, ask what happens to your margin if the price changes.

Verdict

The adopters-over-builders idea is a reasonable framing but not a demonstrated outcome. The evidence supports a more modest claim: integrated, well-resourced adoption is associated with productivity gains, while shallow adoption is common and aggregate gains are not yet visible in official data. Adopters as a group are unlikely to share the same fate. Those who invest in capabilities and workflow change have the better case. Whether they keep the profit, rather than handing it to suppliers or competitors, remains unproven.

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AI adoptionAI economicsAI productivitybusiness strategyenterprise AI

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