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What “attack surface” means in this comparison
An attack surface is the set of internet-reachable systems, services and interfaces that could be probed or attacked. The figures below are Censys observations of publicly exposed IP addresses and hosts, reported by Help Net Security on October 15, 2026. An exposed host is not proof that it has been compromised, but it is reachable enough to warrant identification and risk assessment.
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The important finding is not one universal growth rate. Exposure behaves differently by technology age, deployment model and ownership model.
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| Category | Observed change | Why the pace matters |
|---|---|---|
| AI-related software | 164,088 exposed IP addresses in October 2025 to 267,915 in July 2026, a 63% increase | New deployments can appear faster than inventories and security reviews are updated |
| Legacy business products | Oldest-version cohorts for four products changed by about one percentage point or less from January 2024 to May 2026 | Persistent leftovers require ownership tracing and remediation, not a one-time scan |
| ICS services | About 129,000 hosts in 2024 to about 134,000 in early 2026 | Remote and carrier-registered assets make notification and patching difficult |
| Threat infrastructure | Geographic leaders reverse depending on whether infrastructure is host-based or web-based | Country percentages need to be read alongside threat type |
AI exposure is the fast-moving part
Censys’ AI-related count covered 44 products. The increase therefore reflects a broad deployment trend rather than a single application suddenly becoming popular.
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n8n combines scale with high-severity exposure
Workflow-automation platform n8n accounted for 113,926 exposed hosts. Among n8n servers that reported a version, 76.1% were running a release inside the affected range of at least one vulnerability scored 9.0 or higher. These systems can also hold credentials for the services their workflows connect to, so an exposed automation server may provide a path to several downstream systems even when those systems are not directly reachable.
OpenClaw shows how quickly a new product can appear
OpenClaw’s first release with a control panel shipped on January 5, 2026. Censys observed two exposed panels six days later and 85,478 by April 7. The sequence illustrates why annual asset inventories are inadequate for fast-growing software: exposure can become widespread within a single quarter.
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For AI deployments, defenders need discovery that runs continuously or at short intervals, version identification, authentication checks and a way to route findings to the team that owns the deployment. A product’s novelty is not a security control; newly installed software still needs patching, access restrictions and credential review.
Legacy versions barely move without pressure
Censys tracked Telerik Report Server, Jenkins, Cleo MFT and Microsoft SharePoint Server from January 2024 through May 2026. In each case, the share represented by the oldest-version group changed by about one percentage point or less. Those persistent instances are consistent with abandoned or forgotten installations that are unlikely to be upgraded through normal maintenance.
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Routine upgrades are gradual
Exposed Jenkins hosts upgraded at roughly 5% to 9% per month, with little visible change around vulnerability disclosures. That rate steadily reduces exposure but leaves a substantial tail online for months or years.
Active exploitation can change the curve
Cleo MFT hosts moved at a median rate of 1.9% per month until two critical flaws were added to CISA’s catalog of actively exploited vulnerabilities and the Cl0p ransomware group claimed attacks. By January 2025, 63% of returning Cleo hosts had moved to a newer version. The lesson is operational: public warnings and observed attacks can accelerate remediation, but organizations should not wait for exploitation to create urgency.
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ICS exposure is hard to attribute and harder to patch
Censys counted about 134,000 hosts running industrial-control-system services in early 2026, up from about 129,000 in 2024. Roughly 70% were on consumer or mobile networks, often using cellular modems at remote sites. Registration data on those networks commonly identifies the carrier rather than the company operating the equipment.
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Carrier records can hide the actual operator
Verizon’s cellular network alone accounted for 10% of exposed ICS hosts and 27.5% of exposed human-machine interfaces (HMIs), the screens used to control equipment. A notification sent to the network provider may therefore reach the connectivity owner while the industrial operator remains unaware. Effective response requires correlating scan results with site inventories, modem records, engineering contacts and carrier escalation channels.
Ordinary IT services can be the first doorway
More than 80% of exposed ICS hosts also ran a conventional IT service such as HTTP or SSH. An attacker may begin with those familiar services rather than understanding the industrial protocol. Internet exposure should consequently be treated as a network-boundary problem as well as a control-system problem: remove unnecessary public access, restrict management interfaces and monitor the surrounding host.
Threat-infrastructure geography depends on what is being counted
Between October 2025 and June 2026, China hosted 36.5% of host-based threat infrastructure, including command-and-control servers, compared with 16.8% in the United States. For web-based threats such as phishing pages, the ranking reversed: the United States hosted 45.5% and China 20.9%.
These figures describe hosting locations, not necessarily the attackers’ nationality or physical location. They are useful for interpreting infrastructure patterns and prioritizing investigation, but a country-only blocklist will miss threats hosted elsewhere and can disrupt legitimate traffic.
How security teams should prioritize the different speeds
1. Run rapid discovery for AI deployments
- Scan for newly reachable management panels, APIs and workflow servers soon after deployment.
- Record product and version data, then match versions to high-severity vulnerabilities.
- Check whether exposed systems contain credentials, tokens or connections to other services.
- Remove direct internet access where it is not required; otherwise enforce strong authentication and tightly scoped network rules.
2. Give legacy systems an owner and a deadline
- Map each old-version host to a business owner, environment and maintenance window.
- Prioritize systems with known exploited vulnerabilities, sensitive data or administrative access.
- When immediate upgrades are impossible, document compensating controls and an end date rather than accepting indefinite exceptions.
3. Build an attribution path for ICS
- Join external exposure data with cellular-account, modem, site and equipment inventories.
- Ask carriers to forward abuse or security notifications to the actual subscriber or managed-service operator.
- Separate HMIs and control services from the public internet and from ordinary IT networks wherever the process permits.
- Test incident contacts before an emergency; a carrier registration record alone is not an ownership record.
4. Interpret geography in context
Use host-based and web-based threat measurements separately, and combine location data with indicators such as domains, certificates, malware behavior and observed activity. Geography can guide triage, but it cannot replace asset-level evidence.
The practical conclusion
Internet exposure is a prioritization problem with different clocks. AI-related systems can multiply in weeks, so discovery and review must keep pace with deployment. Legacy products may remain exposed for years unless a named owner drives an upgrade. ICS systems add a separate attribution challenge because the organization operating the equipment may be invisible in public registration records. Treating all three categories with the same scan schedule or remediation process guarantees blind spots.
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