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Use TestNG annotations to control when Selenium setup, tests, and cleanup run. For an isolated browser session per test method, create the WebDriver in @BeforeMethod and call driver.quit() in @AfterMethod. Use @DataProvider when the same test needs multiple input rows. TestNG manages the test lifecycle; Selenium WebDriver controls the browser.
How TestNG and Selenium work together
Selenium WebDriver provides the browser-control interface: your Java code navigates, locates elements, interacts with pages, and checks results. TestNG runs the test methods and their configuration methods. An annotation marks the role of a method and, for configuration methods, the lifecycle boundary around which it runs.
This division matters: an annotation does not itself open a browser. Your setup method creates the WebDriver, and your test uses it. Choose the annotation scope to match how long browser state should live.
What the main TestNG annotations do
| Annotation | When it runs and what it is for | Browser-session consideration |
|---|---|---|
@Test |
Marks a test method or class. A test method may use attributes for groups, dependencies, or a data provider. | Put browser actions and assertions in the test or in helpers it calls. |
@BeforeSuite / @AfterSuite |
Run at suite-wide setup and cleanup boundaries. | Use only when a resource is intentionally shared at suite scope, not for an ordinary per-method browser. |
@BeforeTest / @AfterTest |
Run around methods associated with a <test> element in testng.xml. |
“Test” here refers to the XML suite concept, not one Java method annotated @Test. |
@BeforeGroups / @AfterGroups |
Run shortly before the first and after the last relevant method in named groups. | Useful for a group-specific prerequisite; avoid confusing group lifetime with one browser per method. |
@BeforeClass / @AfterClass |
Run before the first and after all test methods in a class. | A class-scoped driver can reduce repeated startup but causes methods to share browser state. |
@BeforeMethod / @AfterMethod |
Run before and after each test method. | A clear default for one isolated browser session per method. |
@DataProvider |
Supplies argument rows to a test method that names the provider. | Each invocation still needs correctly isolated browser state when runs overlap. |
@Parameters |
Maps named values from testng.xml to annotated methods or constructors. |
Keep XML parameter names and Java argument order aligned; optional defaults may be appropriate. |
@Listeners |
Registers listener classes for suite behavior such as reporting or event handling. | Annotation transformers have special registration timing rules; check TestNG’s documentation for that case. |
Open and close a browser for each test method
For independent tests, create a fresh driver before each test and end that session afterward. This avoids carrying cookies, navigation state, or other browser state from one method into another.
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import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class LoginTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
public void loginPageHasExpectedTitle() {
driver.get("https://example.test/login");
Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Login");
}
@AfterMethod(alwaysRun = true)
public void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}This is an illustrative pattern; it is not a guarantee that the code matches every project’s dependency or browser setup. Configure Java, Selenium, the browser, and driver according to the versions used by your project. Selenium’s installation guide describes Java dependency configuration and browser/driver setup: Selenium WebDriver installation.
The null check matters if setup fails before assigning a driver. alwaysRun = true is documented for after-configuration methods so cleanup can run even when an earlier method failed or was skipped; verify the available attributes against the TestNG version in your build. Use quit() to finish the session: it closes the session’s associated windows and ends the browser and driver processes. close() closes a window, so it is not a substitute when the goal is to end the whole session. See Selenium’s window documentation.
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Choose setup scope based on browser-state lifetime
Use method scope for independent tests
@BeforeMethod and @AfterMethod pay browser startup cost for every test method, but keep each method’s session separate. This is usually the simplest design when a test should not depend on another test’s actions.
Use class scope only for deliberate sharing
@BeforeClass and @AfterClass can keep one browser open across the methods in a class. That may avoid repeated startup, but all those methods share session state. A test that leaves the browser on a different page, changes application data, or alters cookies can affect later methods. Choose this only when the shared lifetime is intentional and tests account for that state.
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Use suite, XML-test, or group scope for matching prerequisites
Suite and XML-test hooks make sense for resources whose intended lifetime really is that broad. Group hooks fit setup or cleanup associated with a named subset of methods. They are not automatically better ways to share a browser; broader scope also means broader state and cleanup responsibilities.
Run one test with several input rows
A @DataProvider returns arguments for a test method, and the test selects it by provider name. For multiple method arguments, documented forms include Object[][] and Iterator<Object[]>. This example uses an Object[][]:
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import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class LoginDataTest {
@DataProvider(name = "credentials")
public Object[][] credentials() {
return new Object[][] {
{"valid-user", "valid-password"},
{"locked-user", "valid-password"}
};
}
@Test(dataProvider = "credentials")
public void loginCases(String username, String password) {
// Use username and password in the browser flow.
// Assert the expected result for this input row.
}
}To run real browser flows with a fresh session for every row, keep driver creation and cleanup around the test method using @BeforeMethod and @AfterMethod. Each data row invokes the test; do not assume the provider itself creates or isolates a browser.
Pass configuration values from testng.xml
Use @Parameters when a value belongs in the TestNG XML configuration rather than in a data row. For example, XML parameters can configure a base URL or environment name. Keep the declared names and method arguments consistent, and use a documented optional default where a parameter may be absent. Use a provider instead when you need multiple sets of test arguments.
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Parallel execution requires session ownership
TestNG supports parallel execution in documented configurations, including data-provider parallel settings. Parallelism does not make one mutable WebDriver safe to share. Treat every concurrent browser invocation as requiring its own clearly owned session, and quit that session when its work finishes. Sharing one driver across concurrent invocations risks competing navigation and actions against the same browser.
If using Maven Surefire, check the documentation for the exact Surefire version and execution mode in your build. The current documentation describes a TestNG JUnit Platform route beginning with Surefire 3.6.0 and states a minimum TestNG version for that route; those details do not apply automatically to every Surefire mode or older version. See Maven Surefire’s TestNG documentation. For TestNG Maven dependency examples, the official page distinguishes JDK-specific examples rather than prescribing one version for every project: TestNG Maven setup.
Common problems and fixes
- The browser stays running after a test. Ensure teardown calls
driver.quit(), and guard against a null driver if setup can fail before assignment. Do not rely on closing only the current window to end the session. - One test passes alone but fails after another. A shared class- or suite-scoped browser may retain navigation, cookies, or page state. Use method-scoped sessions or explicitly reset the state your tests depend on.
- A data-driven method runs without the expected arguments. Check that the
@Test(dataProvider = "...")name matches the provider name and that every row has the argument count and types expected by the method. - Parallel runs interfere with each other. Do not share a mutable WebDriver among concurrent invocations without an explicit, verified ownership design. Give each invocation a session it can clean up itself.
- A setup or teardown method does not run where expected. Confirm whether the desired boundary is a Java method, class, group, XML
<test>, or suite. In particular, TestNG’s@BeforeTestis tied to the XML element, not each@Testmethod. - Build examples do not fit the project. TestNG and Surefire instructions can vary by JDK and plugin version. Match dependency and runner configuration to the versions already selected for the project instead of copying a version number from a different setup.
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