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The Supreme Court heard a challenge to reported merchant discount rates (MDR) on some UPI merchant payments above ₹2,000 on September 28, 2026. It did not grant an interim stay of the reported October 15 rollout; instead, it issued notices to the Centre, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and sought responses within four weeks. The case remains pending in the available reporting, with no final ruling on the merits reported.
What the Supreme Court did
Advocate Anjan Datta’s plea questions the legal basis and notifications behind the reported MDR framework. According to Hindustan Times’ account of the September 28 hearing, the Court declined to pause the reported October 15 start date, issued notices to the Centre, RBI and NPCI, and asked them to respond within four weeks. That is a procedural step, not a decision that the charge is lawful or unlawful.
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Hindustan Times quoted Chief Justice of India Surya Kant describing the issue as: “This is less of a legal and more of a technical issue.” The Court’s request for responses concerns the challenge; it does not itself settle the legal or technical questions raised.
What the reported UPI MDR would cover
News reports describe a 0.4% MDR for specified person-to-merchant (P2M) UPI payments above ₹2,000, with implementation scheduled for October 15, 2026. MDR is a merchant-side payment-processing charge in the reported framework, not a general fee levied on consumers every time they use UPI. Reports distinguish merchant payments from person-to-person (P2P) transfers.
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Some coverage also reports a flat ₹5 rate for transactions above the threshold in specified sectors, including railways, telecom, insurance, fuel and agricultural inputs. The exact categories, thresholds, caps and calculation should be confirmed against the September 2026 notifications; the contemporaneous reporting alone does not establish their definitive scope. See Moneycontrol’s report on the scheduled framework.
How to read the threshold
The reports describe the rate as applying to specified P2M transactions above ₹2,000. They do not establish that every UPI payment at or below that amount, every merchant payment above it, or any P2P transfer is covered. The threshold and sector details are part of the reported framework and should not be treated as a complete eligibility rule without the underlying notifications.
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Who pays, and will consumers be charged?
As described in the reports, MDR is charged on the merchant side. That does not mean a consumer-facing UPI fee has been announced for all users or all payments. A merchant-side charge and a fee imposed directly on the person making a UPI payment are different things. Whether a merchant changes prices or otherwise passes on costs is not established by the reported framework.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThe separate question of GST should not be confused with a tax on the UPI payment itself. The GST Council’s April 2025 newsletter said claims that the government was considering GST on UPI transactions above ₹2,000 were false. It also described the January 2020 removal of MDR on P2M UPI. Any GST treatment of a later MDR charge is distinct from taxing the underlying UPI transaction.
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How this differs from the earlier zero-MDR policy
A March 2025 government document described the then-approved UPI incentive scheme as retaining zero MDR while varying incentive eligibility by merchant size and transaction value. Those arrangements are historical context, not the rules reported for October 2026.
| Earlier scheme described in March 2025 | MDR | Incentive |
|---|---|---|
| Small merchants, transactions up to ₹2,000 | Zero | 0.15%, according to the Press Information Bureau’s 2025 document |
| Small merchants, transactions above ₹2,000 | Zero | None, according to the Press Information Bureau’s 2025 document |
| Large merchants, irrespective of transaction amount | Zero | None, according to the Press Information Bureau’s 2025 document |
The reported 2026 framework is a later development. The earlier scheme neither confirms the precise reach of the later charge nor resolves Datta’s legal challenge.
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What remains unresolved
- The Supreme Court has not, in the reporting available, issued a final merits judgment on the plea.
- The exact categories, thresholds, caps and calculation for the reported rates require confirmation from the September 2026 notifications.
- The reported October 15 start date was not stayed at the September 28 hearing, but the available accounts do not establish whether there have been subsequent changes.
For now, the most accurate description is that the Court has allowed the reported rollout date to stand provisionally while seeking responses from the government, RBI and NPCI. The challenge is still pending, and the reported MDR should not be described as a fee on every UPI transaction or as a consumer charge.
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