Stack Overflow’s retrospective finds a clear split in its 2024 and 2025 survey responses: reported AI-tool use increased, while favorable sentiment—especially among people learning to code—fell. The findings also describe changing work arrangements and how developers view their jobs, but they are snapshots of respondents’ answers, not a census or proof that one trend caused another.
AI use rose as sentiment became more cautious
Stack Overflow reports that the share of survey respondents who used AI tools rose from 44% in 2023 to 62% in 2024 and 79% in 2025; almost half of 2025 respondents said they used the tools daily. These figures describe reported use, not approval. The 2025 survey’s question-level results show that 84% of respondents were using or planning to use AI tools, a different measure from the retrospective’s 79% use figure. Among professional developers, 51% said they used AI tools daily. Keep those measures distinct rather than treating them as interchangeable. (Stack Overflow 2025 AI results; Stack Overflow retrospective)
Meanwhile, Stack Overflow’s measure of favorable AI sentiment fell from above 70% in both 2023 and 2024 to 60% in 2025. Trust is another separate measure: in the 2025 survey, 46% of respondents actively distrusted AI-tool accuracy and 33% trusted it. Use, sentiment, and trust answer different questions; growing use does not show that respondents approve of the tools or rely on their output without checking it. (2025 AI results)
The results also have item-specific denominators. The 2025 AI-tool-use question received 33,662 responses, 68.7% of survey respondents who answered that question; the favorable-sentiment item received 33,412 responses, or 68.2%. Headline percentages therefore should not be read as applying to every survey participant. (2025 AI results)
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Learners reported more AI use but less favorable sentiment
Among respondents learning to code, reported AI-tool use increased from 63.0% in Stack Overflow’s 2024 survey to 73.3% in 2025. In the same group, favorable AI sentiment dropped from 72.2% to 52.8%. These are contrasting survey responses, not evidence that using AI caused worse learning experiences or outcomes. As Erin Yepis writes in the retrospective, “Whether that use translates into greater understanding remains an open question.” (Stack Overflow retrospective)
Year-over-year comparisons of AI tasks need care, too. The 2025 survey separated some tasks into primary and secondary reliance, whereas the 2024 survey used a single active-use selection. That change in response options makes direct task-by-task comparisons difficult even when the topic appears similar.
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Agent adoption is rising, but the comparison is not a panel
Stack Overflow reports that agent use rose from 31% in its 2025 annual survey to 59% in an April 2026 pulse survey. The pulse article says 1,100 developers and working professionals responded. This is a comparison between different survey exercises, not a measurement of the same people changing their behavior over time. (Stack Overflow’s April 2026 pulse survey report)
The pulse results also suggest that adoption does not mean handing agents unrestricted control. Sixty-three percent of respondents rarely or never allowed agents to run entirely on autopilot; 60% blocked agents from making unapproved system changes; and 68% preferred predictable single-agent setups to complex multi-agent configurations. These responses describe stated preferences and practices in that pulse survey, not a universal rule for how teams use agents.
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Work settings changed, but the categories are not directly comparable
Stack Overflow’s retrospective cites fully remote work at 12% in 2019 and 43% in 2022. Its 2025 breakdown uses more specific categories, so it should not be treated as a like-for-like continuation of a single remote-versus-office measure.
| 2025 work-setting category | Share of respondents |
|---|---|
| Fully remote | 32.4% |
| Strictly on-site | 17.9% |
| Structured hybrid arrangements | 37.1% |
| High flexibility | 12.6% |
The 2025 figures show several distinct ways of working rather than a simple remote-versus-in-person split. They describe respondents’ arrangements; they do not establish whether a particular arrangement improves satisfaction or productivity. (Stack Overflow retrospective)
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Job satisfaction and management roles add context
In Stack Overflow’s 2025 survey, 28.4% of respondents described themselves as unhappy with their jobs, 47.1% as complacent, and 24.5% as happy. The same survey found that 85.3% identified as individual contributors and 14.7% as people managers. These figures offer context for the working population represented in the survey, but do not show that role or work setting explains a respondent’s satisfaction. (Stack Overflow retrospective)
What the retrospective leaves open
The figures point to questions for future surveys rather than settled conclusions:
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- Does the gap between AI use and favorable sentiment persist?
- Does agent adoption come with greater delegation, or mainly with closely monitored assistance?
- How does control over work relate to satisfaction, beyond where work takes place?
- How does AI fit into community use, including visits for guidance, participation, and a sense of belonging?
Answering those questions will require comparing consistent wording and respondent groups, and distinguishing tool frequency from the tasks and decisions people delegate. Stack Overflow’s annual survey asks developers about tools, learning, and work; its portal also provides current results, data files, historical surveys back to 2011, and information on survey-data licensing. (Stack Overflow Developer Survey portal)
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