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Use multiple Availability Zones (AZs) in one Scaleway region for protection against a localized data-center failure while keeping replication latency low. Add a second region only when you need protection from a regional outage, geographically separated recovery, lower latency for users in another geography, or a legal requirement that demands a separate location.
A region such as Paris (fr-par) is the larger geographic and network domain. An AZ such as fr-par-1 is an isolated location inside that region. The right design depends on which failure you must survive, where users and data are allowed to be, and whether every product in your stack supports the required locations.
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Region and Availability Zone: the distinction that drives the design
Scaleway uses two nested location scopes. A region is a geographic area containing infrastructure and network services; examples include Paris (fr-par), Amsterdam (nl-ams), Warsaw and Milan. An Availability Zone is an isolated location inside a region, such as fr-par-1, fr-par-2 or fr-par-3.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThat hierarchy is more than a naming convention. It defines the failure domain, the likely latency between workloads, the legal location you select for a service, and the set of products you can deploy there. An AZ is the smaller physical fault domain. A region is the broader geographic, network and operational domain that can contain several AZs.
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Scaleway says AZs in the same region use a common network layer, so traffic between them is generally lower latency than traffic between regions. A second region is farther away by design: the distance is what provides geographic separation when an entire region or its inter-region connectivity is unavailable.
| Choice | What it means | Main protection | Typical trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single AZ | All components run in one isolated location | Simplicity and usually the shortest local paths | A power, network or hardware incident in that AZ can affect the whole deployment |
| Multiple AZs in one region | Components are spread across isolated locations under one regional network domain | Localized data-center, power, network and hardware failures | More orchestration, replication and failover work than a single-AZ design |
| Multiple regions | Components or copies are placed in geographically separate regions | Regional outages, geographically separated disaster recovery and distributed users | Longer replication paths, more operational complexity and product-dependent behavior |
How the two scopes affect latency
User-to-workload latency
For interactive applications, place the primary workload in a region close to the largest concentration of users, subject to legal and contractual location requirements. Paris may be a sensible starting point for users in France, while Amsterdam, Warsaw or Milan may be better for users concentrated around those areas. “Closest” should be established with measurements from the users or edge locations that matter to your service, not by looking only at a map.
A multi-region design can reduce the round trip for users spread across Europe if requests are routed to a nearby region. It also introduces routing, session and data-consistency questions. If a user in Warsaw is sent to Milan for one request and Paris for the next, the application needs a deliberate strategy for sessions, caches and writes.
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Database replication, distributed caches, message queues and service-to-service calls are east-west traffic. Keeping those components in different AZs within one region normally offers the low-latency replication path while still separating them into distinct failure domains.
Scaleway engineering guidance published on 20 April 2021 described an AZ as one or more data centers in an area of about 5 km, with a maximum internal latency of 1.4 ms, and said AZs in the same region are at least 50 km apart. Treat those figures as historical design guidance, not as a universal performance guarantee for every product, protocol, packet size or workload. The cited material does not publish one fixed Paris-to-Amsterdam, Paris-to-Warsaw or other inter-region latency.
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Cross-region replication must therefore be measured for the actual service. TCP setup time, TLS handshakes, packet loss, payload size, congestion, replication protocol and write acknowledgement rules can matter more than an average ping. A database configured for synchronous acknowledgement across regions may turn a modest network delay into a large write-latency increase; an asynchronous replica avoids that write penalty but has a non-zero recovery point objective (RPO).
What to measure before setting an SLO
- Measure from representative client networks, not only from one office or a single cloud VM.
- Record median, p95 and p99 round-trip time, packet loss and jitter between each candidate region and AZ pair.
- Test the protocol your application actually uses, including TLS and connection pooling.
- Measure replication lag while the system is under realistic read and write load.
- Run failover tests and record recovery time objective (RTO), not just a steady-state ping.
ICMP tools can be useful for a first look, but they may be filtered or deprioritized. An application-level synthetic check and a workload-specific benchmark are more meaningful for an SLO. Do not infer inter-region performance from the 1.4 ms intra-AZ guidance.
How regions and AZs change uptime and failure domains
Single-AZ deployments
Single-AZ placement is easiest to operate, but it concentrates compute, storage and network dependencies in one physical fault domain. A maintenance event or localized incident can take out every replica if the replicas are merely separate virtual machines in the same AZ. This pattern can be appropriate for development, non-critical batch jobs or a service whose recovery process is a rebuild from an external source.
Multi-AZ for localized failures
Scaleway recommends multiple AZs when an application needs fault tolerance against localized failures, low-latency replication, fast failover or an uptime target such as 99.9%. Spread independent application instances across at least two AZs, and make sure the load balancer, database replicas, persistent volumes and supporting control-plane resources are not silently pinned to one zone.
Multi-AZ does not automatically make a service highly available. A quorum-based database needs enough members to retain a quorum when one AZ is lost. A two-node design may stop accepting writes if either node is unavailable, so the correct number and placement depend on the database’s consensus algorithm. Stateless web tiers can often fail over more simply, provided sessions and state are externalized.
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Multi-region for regional disasters
Scaleway recommends multiple regions when you need protection against regional outages, geographically dispersed users, physically separate recovery or data-sovereignty requirements that call for more than one approved location. A second region protects against a larger failure domain than a second AZ: a regional network incident, a broad power event, or a control-plane problem affecting the region.
Business-critical services may combine both patterns: deploy across multiple AZs inside each region, replicate data between regions, and use DNS or another traffic-management mechanism for regional failover. This is the most resilient pattern, but it also has the most moving parts. You must define which region is authoritative for writes, how conflicts are resolved, how secrets and keys are recovered, and how operators promote a secondary region.
Failure-domain comparison
| Failure or requirement | Single AZ | Multi-AZ, one region | Multi-region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Host or hardware failure | Can affect all local replicas | Usually survivable if replicas are independent | Survivable, assuming both regions are healthy |
| Localized power or network incident | Usually not survivable | Primary objective | Survivable with regional routing or promotion |
| Regional outage | Not survivable in place | Not survivable in place | Primary objective |
| Low-latency synchronous replication | Shortest path, no zone isolation | Usually the best compromise | Often unsuitable unless measured and explicitly designed |
| Geographically separate recovery | No | No; AZs remain in one region | Yes |
Data residency: can multiple AZs remain in France?
Usually, selecting a French region such as fr-par keeps the service’s selected location in that region, even when you distribute resources across fr-par-1, fr-par-2 and fr-par-3. However, “same region” is not a blanket promise about every copy of every product. Backups, snapshots, logs, support access, control-plane metadata and managed-service replicas can follow product-specific rules.
Scaleway’s Data Processing Agreement (DPA) says that, when services are offered in several regions or AZs, the client selects the location during ordering and addresses transfers of GDPR-covered data outside the EU. That language makes the selected location important, but it does not remove the need to check the exact service documentation and your contract.
Questions to answer for a residency-sensitive workload
- Does the product store primary data in the selected region, or is it a global service?
- Are replicas, backups and disaster-recovery copies kept in the same region, the same country or another location?
- Can support personnel or subprocessors access data from outside the approved geography?
- Are encryption keys customer-controlled, and where are key-management operations performed?
- Does enabling a multi-region feature automatically copy data to the second region?
- Can logs, telemetry and object versions contain personal data even when the main database is regional?
Scaleway presents its infrastructure as European and GDPR-oriented, but a marketing sovereignty statement is not a substitute for reviewing the DPA, subprocessors, support-access terms, backup behavior and customer-controlled transfers. Document the approved regions and the replication scope for each service rather than assuming one policy applies to the entire account.
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Product availability is not uniform across locations
The fact that an AZ exists does not mean every Scaleway product or tier is available there. Scaleway’s Product Availability by region matrix shows that compute, storage, databases and networking products differ in regional and AZ support. Some services are regional, some are tied to a particular zone, and some locations may be unavailable or only planned for a product.
Check the matrix before committing to an architecture, and check it again when adding a managed database, load balancer, private network, backup target or GPU. A design that works for Instances may not be possible for a managed database in the same AZ combination. Confirm whether the service supports independent replicas, whether a replica can be placed in another AZ, and whether failover is automatic or operator-driven.
API locality matters in automation
Scaleway APIs can be zoned, regional or global. A zoned or regional API call is scoped to the location represented in its endpoint; a global API has a different scope. Automation should therefore store the intended region and AZ explicitly, validate that the resource exists in that scope, and avoid assuming that an identifier from one location is valid everywhere.
When writing infrastructure code, make location a parameter rather than a hidden default. Include a plan-time check for product availability, and make failover scripts idempotent so that a retry cannot create an unintended resource in another region.
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SLA percentages apply to covered services and configurations, not automatically to every region, AZ or architecture. The Scaleway Instance SLA lists 99% monthly availability for covered shared Instances and 99.5% for covered dedicated, specialized and GPU Instances. Exclusions and claim conditions apply, so the percentage alone is not a complete guarantee.
The Object Storage SLA lists 99.9% for Standard Multi-AZ storage and 99.0% for One-zone IA and Glacier. Those figures illustrate why storage class and placement matter: a multi-AZ class has a different stated availability target from a one-zone class.
| Service or configuration | Published monthly availability | Qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Covered shared Instances | 99% | Instance SLA coverage, exclusions and claim conditions apply |
| Covered dedicated, specialized and GPU Instances | 99.5% | Instance SLA coverage, exclusions and claim conditions apply |
| Object Storage Standard Multi-AZ | 99.9% | Object Storage SLA; applies to the stated storage class |
| Object Storage One-zone IA and Glacier | 99.0% | Object Storage SLA; one-zone classes have the stated lower target |
Before promising an application-level uptime target, map each dependency to its own SLA, maintenance policy, failover behavior and monitoring. A 99.9% storage target does not make an application 99.9% available if its database, DNS, deployment process or single-AZ load balancer can still be a single point of failure.
A practical decision framework
- Start with users and law. Identify the dominant user geographies, latency-sensitive operations and the legal or contractual geography in which data must remain.
- Select a candidate region. Choose the nearest region that satisfies the residency requirement, then list one backup region that is legally acceptable and operationally reachable.
- Check product support. Use the live Product Availability by region matrix for every compute, storage, database, network and observability component. Record whether support is regional, AZ-specific, unavailable or planned.
- Spread production across AZs. For services that need localized-failure tolerance, place independent instances and replicas in at least two AZs. Verify that persistent data and control-plane dependencies are also distributed.
- Choose the replication mode. Use synchronous or tightly coupled replication only when measured latency and quorum behavior meet the application’s write requirements. Use asynchronous cross-region replication when regional recovery is more important than zero replication lag, and set an explicit RPO.
- Add a second region for regional risk. Use active-passive, warm standby or active-active operation according to RTO, RPO, conflict-handling and staffing requirements.
- Validate network performance. Run synthetic latency, throughput, packet-loss and failover tests for the actual AZs, regions, protocols and payload sizes. Repeat under load.
- Read the exact SLA. Record the service, plan or configuration, availability percentage, exclusions, measurement window and compensation procedure. Do not substitute a platform-wide promise for a service SLA.
- Document API scope. Mark every automation endpoint as zoned, regional or global, and test recovery scripts against the intended location.
- Exercise the runbook. Simulate loss of one AZ and then loss of the primary region. Measure detection, promotion, DNS or routing convergence, data loss and rollback time.
Reference architectures by requirement
Development or low-criticality service
Use one AZ when downtime is acceptable and rebuilding from source or backup is straightforward. Keep an off-site backup if the data matters, and document the rebuild procedure. This minimizes operational complexity but should not be presented as fault tolerant.
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Production web application with a regional residency constraint
Run stateless application instances in at least two AZs within the approved region. Place the database and cache according to their supported replication model, keep backups in an approved location, and route traffic only to healthy instances. This pattern addresses localized failures while keeping the primary data boundary in one region, subject to the product’s documented replication behavior.
Business-critical service with regional disaster recovery
Use multi-AZ deployment in the primary region and a second region for recovery. Replicate backups or data asynchronously, copy configuration and secrets through a controlled process, and maintain a tested promotion runbook. Decide in advance whether the secondary is read-only, warm standby or able to accept writes.
Global or geographically dispersed user base
Place serving tiers in more than one region and route users to the appropriate region. Keep data local only where the consistency model permits it. For globally writable data, define conflict resolution before enabling active-active writes; otherwise, designate one write authority and use regional read replicas.
Testing and operating the deployment
Baseline measurements
Create a matrix with every source and destination pair: client-to-region, region-to-region, AZ-to-AZ and application-to-database. Capture median and tail latency, packet loss, throughput and replication lag. Keep the test payloads and protocol settings constant so that later comparisons are meaningful.
AZ-failure exercise
- Drain traffic from one AZ without changing application code.
- Confirm that healthy instances in the remaining AZs receive traffic and that sessions behave as designed.
- Verify database quorum, replica promotion and write availability.
- Measure the time to detect the failure and restore the target capacity.
- Return the AZ to service and verify that rebalancing does not create duplicate writes or stale reads.
Regional-failure exercise
- Declare the primary region unavailable according to the incident runbook.
- Stop or fence writes in the failed region if split-brain is possible.
- Promote the secondary according to the documented procedure.
- Change DNS or traffic routing and measure convergence from representative networks.
- Record the actual RPO and RTO, then reconcile data and traffic when the primary returns.
Common mistakes and how to correct them
- Confusing an AZ with a region.
fr-par-1andfr-par-2are zones inside Paris, not independent regions. Use a second region when the requirement is regional-disaster isolation. - Assuming every service supports every AZ. Check the availability matrix for the exact product and tier before designing replicas.
- Calling two virtual machines in one AZ “high availability.” Place them in separate AZs and verify that storage, load balancing and databases are not still single-zone.
- Using the 1.4 ms figure as an inter-region promise. It is 2021 engineering guidance for internal AZ latency, not a universal guarantee. Measure the real path.
- Assuming multi-AZ automatically satisfies residency. Confirm where backups, replicas, logs and support access occur for each product.
- Promising application uptime from one component’s SLA. Combine the service-specific terms with dependency failure modes and your own monitoring.
- Ignoring write semantics during failover. Define quorum, fencing, conflict resolution, RPO and promotion authority before an incident.
- Leaving API location implicit. Store region and AZ in configuration, use the correct zoned or regional endpoint, and test automation in the recovery location.
Bottom line for choosing Scaleway locations
Choose the region first for user latency and legal location. Within that region, use multiple AZs as the default production pattern when you need resilience without the latency of a distant replica. Add a second region when a regional outage, geographically separate recovery or distributed users justify the additional complexity. Validate every assumption against the product’s availability and replication behavior, measure the actual network paths, and quote only the SLA for the exact service and configuration you operate.
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