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These controls protect different boundaries. CSP limits what a page can execute or load, image patterns limit what the server-side optimizer will fetch, and SVG settings prevent active document content from being treated like a harmless bitmap.
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What to configure first
Apply the controls in this order:
- Deliver a CSP. Start with a static response header if every script, style, image, font, frame, and connection origin is predictable.
- Allow images by exact pattern. Match protocol, hostname, port, pathname, and—when present—the complete query string.
- Keep SVG conservative. Do not enable SVG optimization merely to make a file load.
- Add browser-hardening headers. Use HSTS, frame protection, MIME sniffing protection, a permissions policy, and a deliberate referrer policy.
- Limit optimizer responses. Reduce the default source-image response limit when your application’s assets are smaller.
Testing must cover both the browser and the server-side image optimizer. A page can satisfy CSP and still reject an image because its URL does not match an image pattern; conversely, an image can pass the pattern check but be blocked by the browser’s img-src directive.
Set a Content-Security-Policy in Next.js
Use a static policy for predictable applications
Next.js supports CSP through the headers function in next.config.js. A static policy is easier to cache and audit because the same header is sent for every matching route. It works well when scripts and other resources come from a known, finite set of origins.
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The following is a starting point, not a universal drop-in. Enumerate every legitimate origin before deploying, then remove directives or sources your application does not need.
const csp = [
`default-src 'self'`,
`script-src 'self'`,
`style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'`,
`img-src 'self' https://images.example.com data: blob:`,
`font-src 'self'`,
`object-src 'none'`,
`base-uri 'self'`,
`frame-ancestors 'none'`,
].join('; ')
module.exports = {
images: {
remotePatterns: [
{
protocol: 'https',
hostname: 'images.example.com',
port: '',
pathname: '/account123/**',
search: '',
},
],
localPatterns: [{ pathname: '/assets/images/**', search: '' }],
dangerouslyAllowSVG: false,
contentDispositionType: 'attachment',
contentSecurityPolicy: `default-src 'self'; script-src 'none'; sandbox;`,
maximumResponseBody: 5_000_000,
},
async headers() {
return [{
source: '/(.*)',
headers: [
{ key: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: csp },
{ key: 'X-Content-Type-Options', value: 'nosniff' },
{ key: 'Referrer-Policy', value: 'origin-when-cross-origin' },
],
}]
},
}default-src 'self' establishes a same-origin baseline. script-src 'self' limits executable scripts, while object-src 'none' removes a legacy plug-in execution path. base-uri 'self' prevents an injected base element from rewriting relative URLs. frame-ancestors 'none' disallows embedding; change it if a trusted parent site must frame the application. The sample allows inline styles, but 'unsafe-inline' should remain only when the framework or application genuinely requires it.
Use a nonce when inline scripts are genuinely required
A random nonce must be generated for each request in middleware, placed in that response’s CSP, and attached to every authorized inline script. This is different from putting one fixed nonce in next.config.js; a fixed value does not provide meaningful authorization. A nonce policy is appropriate when a static script-src allowlist cannot describe legitimate inline execution. Treat the middleware policy as part of the request lifecycle and verify that all framework-generated or application-generated inline scripts receive the nonce. If you can remove the inline code, a static policy is simpler and easier to reason about.
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Inventory scripts, styles, images, fonts, frames, and network connections before tightening the policy. Add only the origins required by those resources. In particular, img-src should include the origins from which the browser ultimately displays images. For optimized next/image output, the browser commonly receives a same-origin optimizer URL; for deliberately unoptimized remote images, the remote origin also needs to be allowed. CSP does not replace the server-side image allowlist.
Add browser-hardening response headers
Next.js’s headers API documents several complementary controls. Their values must reflect your deployment and embedding requirements.
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| Header | Security role | Decision to make |
|---|---|---|
Strict-Transport-Security |
Instructs browsers to use HTTPS for the host. | Set a duration and subdomain behavior only when every covered host is permanently HTTPS-capable. |
Content-Security-Policy |
Restricts executable code, framing, and resource origins. | Use a static policy or a per-request nonce policy based on whether inline scripts are required. |
frame-ancestors in CSP |
Controls which sites may embed the page. | Use 'none' when embedding is never required; list trusted parents when it is. |
X-Frame-Options |
Legacy clickjacking protection. | Keep it compatible with your embedding model; CSP frame-ancestors is the modern successor. |
Permissions-Policy |
Restricts browser features such as camera, microphone, or geolocation. | Disable features the application does not use and scope any required feature to trusted origins. |
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff |
Stops MIME-type guessing by browsers. | Send it on application and asset responses where possible. |
Referrer-Policy |
Controls URL information sent in the Referer header. |
Choose a policy such as origin-when-cross-origin after considering analytics and privacy needs. |
Allow remote images without broad trust
Prefer remotePatterns over domains
images.remotePatterns matches five parts of an image URL: protocol, hostname, port, pathname, and, when specified, the complete search string. Matching is exact and case-sensitive. A mismatch in any component causes the image request to be rejected.
This precision is the security boundary for the server-side optimizer. Use HTTPS, a specific hostname, and the narrowest path that fits the application. If a storage service contains multiple tenants or unrelated files, allow one tenant prefix rather than the entire host.
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|---|---|---|
protocol |
https |
Rejects an HTTP URL even when the hostname is identical. |
hostname |
images.example.com |
Limits fetching to that host. |
port |
Empty string | Uses the standard port for the selected protocol in the example. |
pathname |
/account123/** |
Allows only the account’s path subtree. |
search |
Empty string | Requires no query string; a URL with query parameters will not match. |
Do not migrate new code to images.domains. Next.js has deprecated that option since version 14 because it cannot restrict protocol, port, pathname, or wildcard scope. Replace each broad domain entry with one or more narrowly defined remote patterns.
Understand query-string behavior
When search is specified, the complete query string must match. This matters for signed URLs: a pattern that includes one exact signature will not accept a different signature or an added parameter. If your application intentionally supports varying signed parameters, design the pattern and URL flow accordingly rather than opening an entire host. Never assume that a matching hostname alone protects a shared image service.
Account for the optimizer boundary
The optimizer fetches the remote source on the server, then serves an optimized response to the browser. A remote pattern therefore limits what your server will retrieve, while CSP limits what the browser may render or execute. Keep both controls aligned, and review redirects from the approved host so an apparently narrow rule does not become an unintended fetch path.
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Restrict local assets with localPatterns
images.localPatterns applies the same least-privilege idea to local paths. The example /assets/images/** keeps the optimizer focused on an asset subtree instead of every path in the application.
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Specify search: '' when query parameters are not part of the asset contract. Omitting search allows all query parameters, which broadens the URLs the optimizer will process. If cache-busting or transformation parameters are required, document the accepted form and test that the resulting URLs match exactly.
Treat SVG as active content
Why SVG needs a separate decision
Next.js notes that SVG has many of the same features as HTML and CSS, which can create vulnerabilities without suitable CSP headers. An SVG is therefore not equivalent to a passive JPEG or PNG: it can contain elements and references that deserve document-level scrutiny.
The conservative default is to avoid optimizing SVG. If the source is known to be SVG and optimization is unnecessary, use unoptimized on that image. This keeps the format-specific handling explicit instead of enabling a global exception.
If dangerouslyAllowSVG is unavoidable
Keep dangerouslyAllowSVG false unless SVG optimization is a deliberate requirement. When it must be true, pair it with:
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contentDispositionType: 'attachment', so a direct visit downloads the file instead of rendering it in the browser.contentSecurityPolicy: "default-src 'self'; script-src 'none'; sandbox;", which blocks scripts and places the delivered SVG in a sandboxed context.
Next.js documents attachment as the default content-disposition behavior because it forces direct image URLs to download. Preserve that behavior for SVG unless you have reviewed the consequences of inline rendering and have compensating controls.
Limit image response size and direct access
The documented Next.js 15 image reference lists a 50 MB default source-response limit for the optimizer. That is a ceiling, not a target. If your application expects smaller assets, reduce maximumResponseBody; the sample uses 5_000_000 bytes. A lower limit reduces exposure to unexpectedly large downloads and makes failures easier to diagnose.
Set limits based on real asset requirements. A limit that is too low will reject legitimate uploads; one that is too high increases the work a remote fetch can impose. Monitor rejected responses and adjust the contract rather than silently widening the limit.
Implementation procedure
- Inventory origins. List every script, style, image, font, frame, and connection origin used by production pages. Separate resources that are browser-loaded from images fetched server-side by the optimizer.
- Write the baseline CSP. Start with
default-src 'self', restrictivescript-src,object-src 'none',base-uri 'self', and an explicitimg-src. Add only required sources. - Choose delivery. Put the policy in
headers()when it is static. Generate a per-request nonce in middleware only for legitimate inline-script authorization. - Define remote patterns. Set HTTPS explicitly, name the exact host, constrain the pathname, and decide whether a query string is allowed. Test URLs with different ports, casing, paths, and parameters.
- Define local patterns. Limit optimized local images to the required directory and specify the query-string rule deliberately.
- Lock down SVG. Leave
dangerouslyAllowSVGdisabled and mark known SVG sourcesunoptimized. If enabling it, configure attachment disposition and the sandbox CSP together. - Set hardening headers. Add HSTS only for an HTTPS-ready deployment, use
nosniff, choose a referrer policy, restrict browser features with Permissions-Policy, and configure frame protection for your embedding needs. - Reduce the response limit. Set
maximumResponseBodybelow the 50 MB default when your asset contract permits. - Test negative cases. Confirm that an unapproved host, protocol, port, path, query string, and oversized response fail, while every approved production URL succeeds.
Troubleshoot next/image rejection
Protocol or hostname mismatch
Compare the requested URL with the pattern character by character. An http URL will not match an https pattern, and a subdomain is not interchangeable with its parent hostname.
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Port mismatch
Development URLs often include a nonstandard port. If the pattern specifies a port, it must match exactly; if production uses the standard port, maintain separate environment-appropriate patterns rather than allowing every port.
Path mismatch
Check the complete pathname, including a leading slash and account or bucket prefix. A pattern for /account123/** does not authorize an image under another prefix.
Unexpected query parameters
Inspect the final URL, not the URL copied from an application record. When search is an empty string, any query parameter causes rejection. When search is omitted in a local pattern, all query parameters are allowed, which may be broader than intended.
Case mismatch
Matching is case-sensitive. Differences in hostname or path casing can produce a rejection even when the URL appears visually equivalent.
SVG-specific failure
If an SVG is rejected or behaves unexpectedly, first remove the need for optimization by using unoptimized. If policy requires dangerouslyAllowSVG, verify both the attachment disposition and the sandboxed image CSP; enabling only one is incomplete.
Browser CSP violation after the server accepts the image
Open the browser’s CSP report and identify the blocked destination. Add only the legitimate origin or directive required by that resource. Remember that server-side remote-pattern approval does not grant browser permission, and browser CSP approval does not authorize the optimizer to fetch an unallowlisted source.
Quick Recap
Production review checklist
- The CSP is sent on every intended route and contains no unused wildcard sources.
- Nonce values, if used, are generated per request and attached to every authorized inline script.
- Remote patterns specify the narrowest practical protocol, host, path, and query behavior.
- Local patterns do not accidentally allow arbitrary query parameters.
images.domainsis absent from new configuration.- SVG optimization remains disabled unless its sandbox and attachment controls are present.
- The optimizer’s response limit reflects the largest legitimate source image, not the 50 MB default by habit.
- HSTS, frame protection, Permissions-Policy,
nosniff, and Referrer-Policy values match the deployment’s HTTPS and embedding requirements. - Automated tests cover rejected protocols, hosts, ports, paths, query strings, casing, SVG behavior, CSP violations, and oversized responses.
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