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A cellulose material modified with dithiocarbamate groups, called DPE6, removed more than 99% of the lead from methanol-containing effluent from recycling spent perovskite solar cells. In DMF-containing effluent it removed about 91%. Both figures come from laboratory experiments reported in 2026. The material has not been shown to work at plant scale, and it is not a product you can buy.
What the researchers built
The paper is titled “Dithiocarbamate-Functionalized Cellulose for High-Efficiency Separation of Critical Metals from Organic Effluents”. It was published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2026 (DOI 10.1021/acsami.6c06734). It describes recovering lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) from organic solvents using DPE6, which is cellulose carrying dithiocarbamate groups.
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The problem it targets is that ion exchange and precipitation were designed mainly for water. Organic-solvent waste behaves differently, because the solvent and the metal ions interact differently. The authors report that commercial sorbents struggle in strongly solvating conditions. That is a finding about one class of conditions, not a claim that conventional treatment fails everywhere.
How the cellulose captures lead
The authors attribute uptake to sulfur atoms in the dithiocarbamate groups. These sulfur-active sites bind metal ions through surface complexation. They support this with FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). This is the proposed mechanism, backed by those spectroscopic measurements.
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The reported numbers
The study reports two kinds of result. They measure different things and should not be ranked against each other.
Removal from real recycling effluent
This effluent came from recycling spent perovskite solar cells. The application-specific figures appear in Kanazawa University-attributed research coverage from 2026.
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| Effluent solvent | Lead removal reported |
|---|---|
| Methanol-containing | More than 99% |
| DMF-containing | About 91% |
Capacity and speed in pure solvents
These figures are maximum sorption capacities measured in pure methanol and pure DMF, as reported in the journal article.
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| Metal | Pure methanol (μmol g−1) | Pure DMF (μmol g−1) |
|---|---|---|
| Ni(II) | 968 | 976 |
| Pb(II) | 1,217 | 1,128 |
The study reports that sorption reached equilibrium within 10 minutes.
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Reading the two together
Real effluent favored methanol, with over 99% against about 91% for DMF. In pure solvents, both showed high capacities. Lead capacity was somewhat higher in methanol, while nickel capacity was slightly higher in DMF. The removal percentages come from a complex waste stream, and the capacities come from clean solvents. Neither set should be read as a performance guarantee for other waste.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the perovskite recycling setting matters
Testing on actual effluent from spent perovskite cells makes the result more relevant than a pure-solvent test alone. Lead-containing perovskites are a recognized concern for solar-waste handling, and recycling steps that use organic solvents produce lead-laden liquid that must be treated.
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What is not established
- Scale: the evidence is from laboratory work. Plant-scale operation, cost, and sorbent reuse are not shown in the sources reviewed.
- Availability: no commercial product, supplier, or kit for DPE6 was identified.
- Patent status: Kanazawa University and Daicel Corporation are reported to have jointly filed international application PCT/JP2021/34658. That is a filing only. It is not a granted patent, a license, or a deployment.
- Other waste streams: the 99% and 91% figures apply to the effluents tested, not to other solvents or other metals.
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