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Iceland is seeking deeper energy cooperation with India in geothermal energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and green hydrogen, while its carbon-mineralisation company Carbfix explores possible applications with Indian companies. The 6 October 2026 remarks by Icelandic Environment, Energy and Climate Minister Jóhann Páll Jóhannsson describe prospective cooperation—not a signed project or confirmed deployment in India.
What is Iceland proposing?
In an interview published by StratNews Global on 6 October 2026, Jóhannsson named geothermal energy, carbon capture and storage, and green hydrogen as areas for deeper cooperation. He said Iceland was ready to share its expertise and that Carbfix was engaging with Indian companies to explore potential applications.
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Jóhannsson described India as having “great geothermal potential,” while saying it remained “largely untapped.” The interview also presents geothermal power as a source of stable electricity that can complement wind and solar; that is the minister’s characterisation, not a quantified assessment of a particular Indian project.
The pitch spans several different technologies. Geothermal energy draws on underground heat for electricity or direct heating and cooling. CCS captures carbon dioxide (CO2) and stores it; CCUS also includes pathways that use captured CO2. “Carbon-to-stone” refers to one storage approach: mineralising CO2 underground. Green hydrogen is a separate cooperation area identified in the interview, but it does not set out a specific Indian project or proposal.
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How do the carbon pathways differ?
Mineralisation and CO2-to-methanol are not interchangeable. One aims to store CO2 as minerals underground; the other uses CO2 as an input to make a product.
| Pathway | What happens to CO2 | Example and India status in the cited sources |
|---|---|---|
| Mineralisation (“carbon-to-stone”) | Carbfix’s approach, as described in the 6 October 2026 interview, injects CO2 underground and turns it into stable minerals. | Carbfix is exploring potential applications with Indian companies. The interview does not confirm an Indian deployment. |
| CO2 utilisation to methanol | Captured CO2 is used as feedstock to make methanol; this is utilisation, not underground mineral storage. | NITI Aayog’s 2022–2023 CCUS technical report lists Carbon Recycling International’s George Olah methanol plant in Iceland. The Government of Iceland’s account of the May 2024 delegation visit records the company’s interest in cooperating in India; the sources cited here do not establish a current Indian project. |
These are possible components of a broader CCUS effort, but the outcomes differ: mineralisation is intended to store carbon, while methanol production turns CO2 into a usable chemical. Their climate value depends on project-specific factors that the cited sources do not quantify.
What groundwork has already taken place?
The current pitch follows technical contacts that predate the minister’s interview. According to the Government of Iceland’s Ministry for Foreign Affairs, an Indian energy delegation visited Iceland from 1 to 3 May 2024, led by Esha Srivastava, Joint Secretary in India’s Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and geothermal task-force co-chair. The second Joint Task Force meeting on geothermal cooperation was held in Reykjavík on 2 May.
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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsThat meeting covered Indian geothermal projects, direct use of geothermal resources and capacity building. The delegation also met Icelandic geothermal and carbon-management organisations. Verkis, Iceland GeoSurvey and Techon expressed interest in feasibility studies and pilot projects in India; after meeting ON Power and Carbfix at Hellisheiði, the delegation expressed interest in exploring CCUS collaboration. Carbon Recycling International expressed interest in cooperating on deployment of its CO2-to-methanol technology in India.
Those statements document discussions and interest at the time, not projects delivered or a commercial agreement. A separate diplomatic milestone came on 19 May 2026, when Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Icelandic Prime Minister Kristrún Frostadóttir met in Oslo during the 3rd India-Nordic Summit. India’s official account says they reviewed bilateral cooperation, including geothermal energy, and that Modi invited Frostadóttir to visit India. That account does not mention CCUS or carbon-to-stone technology.
Where does India stand on geothermal energy?
India notified its National Policy on Geothermal Energy in September 2025, according to a 4 September 2026 Press Information Bureau backgrounder. The policy and programme descriptions cover both electricity generation and direct-use applications, including heating and cooling. India’s work is still at an early evaluation and demonstration stage: the backgrounder says commercial-scale geothermal power generation has not yet been established.
In July 2026, ONGC Energy Centre commissioned two 1,000-metre wells at Puga Valley, Ladakh, for reservoir evaluation. Commissioning these wells is a step toward assessing the resource, not evidence that a commercial geothermal power plant is operating.
The same PIB backgrounder gives India a theoretical geothermal resource potential of nearly 10,600 MW. This is a resource estimate, not installed or commercially producing capacity. For comparison, it reports global installed geothermal capacity of 15.67 GW at the end of 2025; that worldwide figure should not be mistaken for India’s capacity.
Geothermal resources can serve different needs. Where conditions allow, underground heat can generate electricity; it can also be used directly for heating or cooling. Which application is practical depends on the resource and the specific site, so a national potential estimate alone cannot establish the viability of a particular project.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What would determine whether cooperation becomes a project?
The cited interview and official records establish a policy pitch, earlier technical discussions and exploratory company engagement. They do not establish an India-based Carbfix facility, a commercial geothermal power plant, or the terms of a partnership. A project would need to move from general interest to site-specific plans and demonstrated feasibility.
- Geothermal: identify a suitable resource and site, then evaluate whether it can support electricity generation or direct use.
- Carbon management: specify the CO2 source, capture and transport arrangements, and whether the proposed route is underground storage, mineralisation or utilisation.
- Economics and infrastructure: establish financing, energy needs, logistics and the project’s technical design.
- Safety and oversight: address site-specific safety, permitting and monitoring requirements.
- Evidence of outcomes: disclose deployment status and project-level carbon accounting rather than treating an expression of interest as proof of results.
India’s Department of Science and Technology identifies high capital costs, safety, logistics and auxiliary power consumption among the challenges its CCUS research and capacity-building work aims to address. Those constraints matter when assessing whether an Icelandic technology or partnership could be adapted to Indian conditions.
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