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About 2.3 million new cancer cases worldwide in 2024—roughly 12%, or one in eight—were attributable to infections, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The estimate, published online on 28 September 2026, describes a share of cancer cases across populations; it is not an individual’s chance of developing cancer. Vaccination against HPV and hepatitis B can prevent some infection-related cancers, but prevention also depends on screening, testing and treatment, and measures that reduce transmission.
What does “one in eight” mean?
IARC estimated that infections were attributable to 2.3 million of the world’s new cancer cases in 2024. The figure is a modeled population-level estimate based on cancer incidence data; it does not mean that one in eight people with an infection will develop cancer, or that infection is the only risk factor in every affected person.
The estimate uses 2024 cancer incidence data from the Global Cancer Observatory and was published in 2026. The assessment also includes 16 infection–cancer links not covered in earlier global estimates, including links involving HIV and Merkel cell polyomavirus, and a wider range of cancers associated with EBV, HBV, HCV, and KSHV. IARC’s accessible summary does not provide uncertainty intervals, so the headline figure should be treated as an estimate rather than an exact count.
Which infections account for the most cases?
IARC’s 2024 estimates identify five leading infectious contributors. The figures below are estimated numbers of cancer cases attributable to each infection worldwide.
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| Infection | Estimated cases | Cancers most strongly associated in IARC’s summary |
|---|---|---|
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | About 760,000 | Gastric (stomach) cancer |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) | About 750,000 | Predominantly cervical cancer; also anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and some head-and-neck cancers |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | About 360,000 | Mainly liver cancer |
| Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) | About 260,000 | Largely nasopharyngeal cancer, as well as some gastric cancers and Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | About 160,000 | Mainly liver cancer |
These are population-level attributions, not a way to diagnose the cause of an individual cancer. Infection-related cancer risk and the mix of contributing infections vary across places and populations.
Why does the burden differ by region?
IARC reports the highest infection-attributable burden in Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, and South-East Asia. The leading infections are not identical everywhere: the regional pattern reflects differences in infection prevalence, access to prevention and treatment, and wider social and economic conditions.
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A global case count alone cannot show which region faces the greatest burden relative to its population or total cancer incidence. Comparing places meaningfully requires looking at the share of cancers attributable to infections, which infections dominate locally, and whether prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment are accessible and used.
How do vaccines fit into cancer prevention?
Vaccination against HPV and HBV can prevent infections that are important causes of cancer. It is a central prevention tool for those pathways, but not a vaccine-based solution to all infection-related cancers. IARC also identifies other established interventions, including testing and treatment for H. pylori, HBV, HCV, and HIV; safe injection practices, condom access, and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis to reduce transmission; and cervical cancer screening.
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IARC says effective prevention options are not currently available for EBV, H. pylori, and KSHV, and supports research into vaccines for those infections. That distinction matters: existing vaccines and other interventions can address some infection–cancer pathways, while research is still needed for others.
In a report by Moffitt Cancer Center, Anna Giuliano, PhD, an epidemiologist and founding director of its Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, said the HPV vaccine has worldwide evidence showing that it prevents cancers caused by HPV. Her comment reinforces the value of vaccination, but it does not make vaccination a substitute for other prevention and care measures.
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What can get in the way of prevention?
IARC identifies limited access and uptake of vaccination, screening, diagnosis, and treatment as barriers. It also points to stigma associated with infections such as HPV and HIV, financial constraints, insufficient political commitment, and unequal access to care. These barriers help explain why the availability of an intervention does not automatically translate into prevention for everyone who could benefit.
How does this estimate compare with the earlier one?
The American Cancer Society’s 2024 publication reported an earlier global estimate based on 2020 data: about 2.3 million cases, or 12% of new cancers, attributable to infections. IARC’s 2026 estimate also puts the burden at about 2.3 million and 12%, but it concerns 2024 incidence and includes 16 additional infection–cancer links. The similar headline share should not obscure the different data years and scope.
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For practical questions about vaccination, screening, testing, or treatment, people should use local public-health guidance and consult a qualified health professional. A global estimate cannot determine an individual’s risk or recommend a personal care plan.
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