For a standard UPI payment debited directly from a bank account, NPCI says customers and merchants pay no transaction charge. But “UPI payment” can also mean a wallet-funded payment or one funded by a linked RuPay credit card, and those routes can have different merchant-side rules. The funding source—not just the UPI label—determines which fee rules matter.
UPI charges at a glance
| Payment route | Customer charge | Merchant-side treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Bank account to bank account | NPCI says the transaction remains free for customers. | NPCI says the transaction remains free for merchants. |
| Prepaid payment instrument (PPI), such as a wallet, used on UPI for a merchant payment | NPCI says customers are not charged for making or receiving PPI-on-UPI transactions. | Interchange may apply to the merchant transaction. NPCI says the interchange applies only to PPI merchant transactions; it is not a customer fee. |
| Linked RuPay credit card used on UPI for a merchant payment | The NPCI sources cited here do not set out individual card billing, interest, or issuer terms. Those are separate from a UPI transaction fee. | Separate merchant rules apply. An NPCI circular specifies nil MDR for a defined small offline merchant category on transactions up to and including ₹2,000; check current rules for other cases. |
NPCI’s 29 March 2023 clarification said that bank-account-to-bank-account UPI transactions continued to be free for customers and merchants, and that interchange applied only to PPI merchant transactions. In that release, NPCI also said that more than 99.9% of UPI transactions were bank-account-to-bank-account and that over 8 billion transactions per month were being processed free for users of bank accounts. Those are figures reported in 2023, not current volume estimates. NPCI’s UPI ecosystem statistics
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What the fee terms mean
Transaction charge
A transaction charge is a fee associated with making a payment. NPCI’s no-charge statement applies to ordinary domestic UPI payments made from one bank account to another; it should not be generalized to every funding source or every provider-related service.
MDR
MDR, or merchant discount rate, is a charge on the merchant side for accepting a payment. It is not automatically a fee charged to the customer. An RBI report records the Government’s direction that MDR should not be collected for prescribed UPI and RuPay debit-card modes from 1 January 2020. NPCI later confirmed that ordinary bank-account UPI transactions remained free for both parties. RBI report on digital payments
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Interchange
Interchange is a merchant-side charge that may apply to certain payment types. For PPI wallet payments made to merchants through UPI, NPCI says the interchange charge is limited to those merchant transactions and is not passed to the customer as a UPI transaction charge.
How wallet-funded UPI payments work
A PPI is a prepaid payment instrument, commonly a wallet. When a customer uses a PPI through UPI to pay a merchant, the payment is different from a direct bank-account-to-bank-account transfer. NPCI’s 29 March 2023 statement says interchange applies only to PPI merchant transactions and that customers are not charged. NPCI’s FAQ also says customers pay no charge for PPI-on-UPI payments or for receiving them. NPCI UPI FAQ
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The official material cited here does not establish a comprehensive current PPI interchange rate schedule. A merchant should ask its acquiring bank or payment provider about the terms that apply to its own acceptance setup rather than assume a particular percentage or rupee amount.
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A RuPay credit card linked to UPI is a credit-card-funded merchant payment, not a bank-account UPI payment. NPCI describes this functionality as supporting merchant QR payments and disallowing person-to-person (P2P), person-to-merchant (P2M) and cash-withdrawal transactions through the linked-card route. NPCI RuPay product overview
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NPCI’s 4 October 2022 operating circular describes initial-phase interchange charges and reimbursement to PSP and app providers. It specifies nil MDR for the defined small offline merchant category for transactions up to and including ₹2,000. That is a limited exception, not a universal price for all merchants or transactions. Because the circular may have been supplemented or superseded, merchants should verify the latest rules before relying on detailed pricing. NPCI RuPay credit cards on UPI operating circular
For customers, the card issuer’s billing, interest, and other card terms are distinct from a UPI transaction fee. The official sources cited here do not establish the terms of individual cards or issuers.
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What businesses need to check before accepting UPI
NPCI says merchants partner with an acquiring bank, which provides the UPI infrastructure. Once a payment is confirmed, merchant receipt is immediate into the merchant pool or bank account according to the merchant’s agreement. The acquiring relationship is where a business should confirm its own operational and commercial terms; the available NPCI guidance does not establish a single provider fee schedule that applies to every arrangement. NPCI guidance for UPI merchants
- Confirm whether each payment route is bank-account-funded, wallet-funded, or RuPay credit-card-funded.
- Ask the acquiring bank or payment provider which merchant charges, if any, apply to your acceptance setup.
- For RuPay credit-card payments on UPI, verify the current merchant category rules and thresholds rather than assuming the small-offline-merchant exception applies.
- For international acceptance or conversion, check the final amount, exchange rate, and any applicable fees shown for that payment. NPCI’s international acceptance guidance does not set a general fee amount. NPCI international UPI acceptance guidance
Why older UPI fee tables may disagree
Some pages repeat rates from NPCI’s August 2019 MDR announcement, which described a historical rate change effective 1 October 2019. Those dated figures are not a reliable statement of today’s ordinary bank-account UPI price. The later Government direction on specified payment modes and NPCI’s 2023 clarification state that ordinary bank-account UPI payments remain free for customers and merchants. NPCI’s 2019 MDR announcement NPCI’s 2023 clarification
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When a payment is delayed or disputed
If a customer has paid but has not received transaction confirmation within an hour, NPCI advises contacting the customer’s bank. Merchants can approach their acquiring bank to check transaction status or raise a grievance. For international transactions, NPCI also advises checking the final amount and any applicable exchange rate or fees before confirming payment. NPCI UPI FAQ
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