Children are being affected by immigration enforcement both directly, when a parent is detained, and indirectly, when fear changes their family’s routines or their own sense of safety. Surveys fielded in 2025 found immigrant parents reporting children’s worry and well-being effects, as well as families avoiding school-related activities and health care. Investigative reporting has also documented thousands of U.S. citizen children whose parents were detained. These findings describe reported experiences and an incomplete detention count—not a full census of affected children or proof that enforcement alone caused every reported health or school outcome.
Children are worried about what could happen to their families
KFF’s 2025 survey asked immigrant parents whether a child had expressed worry that something bad might happen to a family member because of immigration status. Twenty-seven percent said yes. Among parents KFF classified as likely undocumented, the share was 60%.
The survey defined immigrant parents as naturalized citizens, lawfully present immigrants, and likely undocumented immigrants with a child under 18 living in the household. It was fielded from August 28 to October 20, 2025. The figures are parents’ reports of what children said; they are not clinical assessments of children’s mental health.
Parents report effects on children’s well-being
In the same KFF survey, 18% of immigrant parents said immigration-related worries had negatively affected a child’s well-being since January 2025. Reported effects included problems sleeping or eating, changes in school performance or attendance, and behavior problems. These are reported experiences, not diagnoses or findings from a controlled study that isolates immigration enforcement as the sole cause.
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KFF also found that 47% of immigrant parents said their own health had been negatively affected by immigration-related worries over that period. That is a parent figure, not a measure of children’s health.
Some families avoid school, child care, and other activities
An Urban Institute analysis of its December 2025 Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey focused on 1,036 adults in immigrant families with children younger than 19. In the prior year, 23% said their family avoided at least one of six essential activities because of immigration concerns. Ten percent reported avoiding sending children to school, child care, or after-school activities because they did not want to draw attention to their immigration status.
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The findings are self-reports about families’ stated reasons for avoiding activities. They do not establish how often children missed school, how long any absence lasted, or what its academic effect was.
Health care may be delayed for more than one reason
KFF found that 30% of immigrant parents said a child had missed, delayed, or skipped health care in the previous 12 months for any of several reasons. Fourteen percent identified immigration-related fears. The 14% figure is part of the wider set of reported reasons; it should not be confused with the 30% who reported a delay for any reason.
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Separately, the Urban Institute analysis found that 10% of adults in immigrant families with children said their family avoided a doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital in the prior year because of immigration concerns. The surveys use different questions and populations, so their percentages are not direct measures of the same outcome.
Parent detention can separate children from a caregiver
U.S. citizenship does not prevent a child from being affected when a parent is detained. ProPublica’s analysis of ICE data reported that, during the first seven months of Trump’s second term, parents of at least 11,000 U.S. citizen children were arrested and detained. ProPublica cautioned that this figure likely undercounts affected families: the government data rely on detainees self-reporting that they have children, and some parents may not disclose family information.
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The administration does not comprehensively track how many children are separated from a parent through immigration detention. A separate estimate by Brookings, described by ProPublica, put the number of U.S. citizen children with a detained parent above 100,000. Brookings derived that estimate using census information; it is not an official count of separations. The two figures have different methods and scope, and should not be treated as competing exact totals. As Brookings co-author Tara Watson told ProPublica, “There are a lot of families that are in the situation that are not being written down.”
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Brookings explains that the Trump administration rescinded Biden-era guidance restricting immigration enforcement near “protected areas,” including schools. Its review synthesizes research on school engagement, mental and physical health, and academic performance. That broader research helps explain why fear around enforcement may affect children’s access to school and health care, but it does not establish the long-term effects of the more recent policy environment. Brookings says those consequences remain to be seen.
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Taken together, the surveys and reporting show several kinds of exposure: children’s reported worry, parents’ reports of effects on well-being, families avoiding services or activities, and detention of caregivers. They do not establish that every child in an immigrant family experiences these harms, nor do they provide a complete count of children affected by detention.
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