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Safely rendering generated UI means treating the model’s output as data, not code. Accept only a small, versioned component schema; reject unknown types and invalid props; map approved component IDs to components you wrote; and render values through the framework’s normal escaping. Keep URL validation, authorization, rich-text sanitization, responsive layout, and accessibility as separate checks.
This approach prevents a valid-looking payload from becoming an HTML or navigation injection, while still allowing a model or server to choose the composition of an interface. The examples below use React terminology, but the trust boundaries apply to any framework.
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What “dynamic UI” should mean
A generated interface should be a serialized description such as a component tree, not executable JavaScript, JSX, a module name, or an HTML string. A host application receives the description, parses it, validates it against a narrow contract, and then selects trusted implementations from a registry.
For example, a payload may describe a heading, a paragraph, and a link:
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{ type: 'stack', children: [ { type: 'heading', level: 2, text: 'Account status' }, { type: 'text', text: 'Your profile is ready.' }, { type: 'link', label: 'Open profile', href: '/profile' } ] }The payload can choose content and arrangement, but it cannot choose an import path, provide an event-handler function, execute code, or decide whether the current user is allowed to perform an operation. That division lets product teams add new approved components without making the renderer an interpreter for arbitrary source code.
Threat model: identify every trust boundary
Generated UI can be wrong, malicious, or simply unsuitable for the context in which it is rendered. Validation solves only the shape problem. It does not prove that text is truthful, that a destination is safe, that an action is authorized, or that the result is accessible.
- Component identity: A generated name must be looked up in a fixed registry. It must never become a dynamic import path or a reference to a global constructor.
- Props: Each component needs an allowlist of fields, types, ranges, and relationships. Unknown fields should be rejected or removed before rendering.
- Text and rich content: Plain strings should stay strings. Raw HTML is a separate, high-risk capability.
- URLs: Links, image sources, media sources, and navigation targets need scheme and, where appropriate, host validation.
- Actions: A button shown or hidden by the UI is not an authorization decision. The server or tool that performs the action must enforce permissions.
- Layout and semantics: A payload can satisfy a schema and still overflow, overlap, lack an accessible name, or fail on a keyboard path.
React’s documentation warns of the danger of passing untrusted markup to dangerouslySetInnerHTML: “This is dangerous. Unless the markup is coming from a completely trusted source, it is trivial to introduce an XSS vulnerability.” See React’s common components documentation. Normal React rendering does not remove the need to control URL-valued props or other context-sensitive sinks.
Design a narrow, versioned schema
Start with the smallest set of components that the product actually needs. Give the envelope a schema version so changes can be handled deliberately, then describe every node and prop precisely. OpenAI’s plugin reference says an output schema should describe the exact object returned so that clients can validate it; see the official plugin reference.
Define the envelope
{ type: 'object', required: ['schemaVersion', 'root'], additionalProperties: false, properties: { schemaVersion: { type: 'string', const: 'ui.v1' }, root: { $ref: '#/$defs/node' } } }The root can be a union of approved node types. A practical registry might include stack, heading, text, link, image, button, and status. For each type, specify required fields and reject fields that have no defined meaning.
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Constrain values and relationships
- Use an enum for values such as heading levels, visual variants, button intent, and orientation.
- Require bounded strings for labels and messages. Set limits appropriate to the product rather than accepting unbounded model output.
- Require arrays to contain nodes from the same approved union and enforce sensible maximum depth and item counts. These limits are implementation safeguards for robustness; the cited platform documentation does not prescribe particular numeric values.
- Disallow recursive structures unless the renderer has an explicit, tested rule for them.
- Reject malformed dates, colors, IDs, and other formatted values instead of passing them through as opaque strings.
- Keep presentation props separate from action identifiers. A string such as
action: 'deleteAccount'should not itself grant permission or invoke a function.
Version changes instead of silently widening the contract
When a component needs a new prop or behavior, add it deliberately, test old payloads, and decide whether the schema version changes. A validator that silently accepts future fields can make an old renderer behave unpredictably. Fail closed for an unsupported version and return a safe fallback or a useful error state.
Validation pipeline: from payload to component
Use a single boundary function for every generated payload, whether it came from a model, a database, or another service. The following sequence keeps parsing, validation, normalization, and rendering responsibilities distinct.
- Receive serialized data. Accept JSON or another documented data format. Do not accept generated JavaScript, JSX, template strings, or module paths as the UI contract.
- Parse safely. Treat parse failures as ordinary user-facing errors. Never recover by evaluating the input as code.
- Validate the envelope and version. Require the expected top-level fields and reject unknown versions.
- Validate every node. Check the discriminating
type, required props, enums, formats, child relationships, depth, and item count. Stop traversal on the first invalid branch or replace that branch with an explicit fallback. - Normalize values. Convert data to the types the trusted components expect, trim where appropriate, and remove fields that are not part of the contract. Normalization must not turn an invalid value into an apparently valid security-sensitive value.
- Validate URLs independently. Parse each URL with a URL implementation, apply the scheme and host policy described below, and replace invalid destinations with a safe, non-navigating state.
- Resolve through a fixed registry. Map an approved ID such as
headingto an imported component that the application controls. Never use generated data as an import specifier, event handler, or authorization decision. - Render and test the result. Render ordinary values through the framework, then inspect the actual result at relevant viewport sizes and keyboard and screen-reader paths.
A validator should return structured diagnostics for developers and a bounded, useful message for users. Do not echo an entire rejected payload into the page or logs if it may contain secrets. Record the schema version, component type, and failure category so recurring generation errors can be fixed without storing sensitive content unnecessarily.
Render trusted components, not generated markup
Use ordinary framework escaping for text
In React, passing a string as a child causes React to create a text node rather than interpret the string as markup. Keep generated labels, descriptions, and status messages on that path:
function Text({ text }) { return <p>{text}</p>; }Do not concatenate generated values into an HTML template and do not pass them to dangerouslySetInnerHTML. React’s warning applies whenever markup is not completely trusted, and the React web security guidance also treats raw HTML and URL-valued attributes as separate controls.
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Keep the component registry explicit
const registry = { stack: Stack, heading: Heading, text: Text, link: SafeLink, image: SafeImage, button: ActionButton };function RenderNode(node, context) { const Component = registry[node.type]; if (!Component) return <InvalidNode />; const props = normalizeProps(node, context); return <Component {...props} />; }The registry is application code. A model can select one of its keys only after schema validation. Components should receive normalized props, not the original object, so an accidental extra field cannot become a future behavior by inheritance.
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If the product genuinely requires links, emphasis, or lists inside generated content, prefer a structured rich-text format that renders through known nodes. If HTML is unavoidable, sanitize it with a proven allowlist-based sanitizer configured for the exact tags, attributes, URL schemes, and protocols the feature needs. Keep the sink narrow, document who is allowed to supply the source, and test dangerous attributes and URLs. Sanitization is not a reason to allow arbitrary HTML throughout the application.
Validate URL-valued props at their own boundary
URLs are dangerous even when the surrounding component is valid. A link node with a valid label and an unsafe destination is still unsafe. The frontend security guidance recommends allowing only appropriate schemes, explicitly blocking javascript: and risky data: usage, and preferring same-site relative paths where possible. Apply that policy before a value reaches href, src, navigation APIs, or a resource loader; see the JavaScript and TypeScript React web security guidance.
Prefer relative paths for internal navigation
For a generated link intended to stay inside your application, accept a path beginning with a single slash and reject protocol-relative forms such as //other.example. Resolve it against the known application origin, normalize it, and apply any route allowlist required by the product.
Allow external destinations deliberately
If external links are a requirement, parse the URL and allow only the schemes and hosts the feature needs, commonly https: and a documented host list. Decide how new-window links, referrer policy, and downloads should behave. Do not assume that a syntactically valid URL is an approved destination.
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Fail closed
An invalid URL should become a disabled link, a plain label, or a safe fallback—not a best-effort navigation. Apply the same rule to image and media sources. If a component needs a placeholder asset, use one selected by application code rather than accepting an arbitrary fallback URL from the payload.
Keep actions and authorization outside presentation
A generated button can request an action, but it cannot authorize it. The UI should send an explicitly defined action ID and validated arguments to a server endpoint or tool. The server must authenticate the user, authorize the operation against current state, validate the arguments again, and perform the side effect. A hidden or disabled button is only a presentation choice.
Design the component so it remains safe if the host cannot render a custom UI. OpenAI’s MCP Apps guidance says the underlying tool workflow should remain useful without the UI; read Add UI to your MCP server. A text result, a standard confirmation flow, or a documented error should still let the user understand what happened.
Use stable action contracts
- Give each action a documented identifier and a fixed argument schema.
- Bind the action to server-side authorization, not to a prop such as
role: 'admin'. - Include an idempotency strategy for operations that may be retried.
- Return a result that the renderer can display as ordinary data.
- Do not expose secrets, tokens, internal URLs, or privileged tool parameters in generated props.
Make responsive behavior and accessibility acceptance criteria
Validation is not complete when a JSON schema passes. OpenAI’s UI guidelines call for content that fits on mobile and desktop, avoids overlap, and uses stable responsive constraints for fixed-format controls; see UI guidelines. The frontend prompt guidance provides additional practical layout expectations at Frontend prompt instructions.
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- Prefer a small set of layout primitives such as stack, grid, and inline groups with documented gap and alignment values.
- Reject arbitrary absolute positions, unbounded widths, and generated style strings unless the product has a tightly controlled, tested subset.
- Set min-width and max-width rules for controls that must remain usable at narrow viewports.
- Check long labels, translated text, zoom, and user-supplied content for overflow.
- Render loading, empty, error, and partial-data states so a missing branch does not collapse the surrounding layout unexpectedly.
Use semantic elements and names
Choose a heading, button, link, form control, or landmark based on its meaning rather than its visual appearance. React supports aria-* attributes as accessibility-tree information, but meaningful names, correct roles, focus order, and state still depend on the implementation; see React’s common components documentation.
- Require an accessible name for interactive components.
- Use a real
buttonfor an action and a realaelement for navigation. - Ensure generated status messages use an appropriate live-region strategy without producing noisy announcements.
- Keep keyboard focus visible and preserve a logical tab order when nodes appear or disappear.
- Verify expanded, pressed, selected, disabled, and busy states both visually and in the accessibility tree.
These checks improve practical accessibility but do not, by themselves, prove conformance to a particular accessibility standard. Test the rendered output with keyboard navigation, a screen reader, and the viewport sizes your product supports.
Using dynamically generated UI in MCP Apps
For a ChatGPT-compatible MCP Apps integration, associate the tool with its UI resource using _meta.ui.resourceUri, use the shared bridge where available, and keep the tool useful when the host does not render the custom component. The integration details are platform-specific; consult the current MCP UI guide and plugin reference for the contract your host implements.
Do not generalize those metadata or isolation details to every MCP host. Another host may define a different resource URI, bridge, sandbox, or permission model. Keep the generated component schema and server-side authorization independent of host-specific presentation metadata so the same tool remains safe in other clients.
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Decision matrix for implementation choices
| Decision | Safer default | Riskier alternative | What to verify |
|---|---|---|---|
| Representation | Structured data rendered by trusted components | Generated HTML strings | Unknown types are rejected; no raw markup reaches a sink |
| Schema handling | Strict, versioned validation with bounded values | Permissive handling of unknown fields and types | Invalid branches produce a safe fallback or useful error |
| Navigation | Relative paths or an explicit scheme and host allowlist | Arbitrary generated destinations | javascript: and risky data: values are blocked |
| Actions | Explicit action IDs with server-side authorization | Client-side hidden or disabled controls treated as permission | The server re-authenticates, authorizes, and validates arguments |
| Host integration | UI-enhanced workflow that remains useful without custom UI | Tool that fails when a host cannot render the component | Fallback output and error behavior are documented |
| Acceptance | Measured keyboard, screen-reader, mobile, and desktop behavior | Schema validation alone | Overflow, overlap, names, focus, and ARIA state are checked in the rendered result |
Testing and failure handling
Test the validator as an adversarial boundary
- Unknown component types and unknown props.
- Missing required fields, wrong primitive types, empty labels, and excessively long values.
- Deeply nested trees, oversized child arrays, cycles in in-memory representations, and repeated nodes.
- Malformed URLs, protocol-relative URLs,
javascript:, riskydata:, encoded variants, and disallowed hosts. - Strings containing HTML, event-handler-looking text, and control characters.
- Buttons that name privileged actions or supply unexpected arguments.
- Payloads from an unsupported schema version.
Test the renderer in context
Snapshot or unit tests can confirm that approved node types map to the intended components, but they cannot reveal every layout or assistive-technology problem. Exercise the rendered page at narrow and wide viewports, with long and translated strings, keyboard-only navigation, focus changes, zoom, loading and error states, and a screen reader. Confirm that rejected nodes do not leave behind unsafe attributes or broken focus targets.
Return useful, bounded errors
When validation fails, show a stable fallback such as “This panel could not be displayed” and provide a retry or alternate workflow when appropriate. Log the failure category and component path for debugging, while avoiding raw payloads that may contain personal or secret data. Do not silently render an unvalidated version after a validation exception.
Production checklist
- Generated output is serialized data, never executable source.
- A versioned schema defines every allowed component, prop, child relationship, and value constraint.
- Unknown types, fields, versions, malformed values, excessive depth, and oversized collections are rejected.
- Approved IDs resolve through a fixed registry of application-owned components.
- Strings use ordinary framework rendering; raw HTML is disabled or sanitized with an explicit allowlist.
- URL props are parsed and checked for approved schemes and hosts, with same-site relative paths preferred.
- Server-side authorization protects every action regardless of what the UI displays.
- Fallback behavior works when a host cannot render custom UI.
- Rendered output is checked for responsive layout, overflow, overlap, semantics, accessible names, focus, and ARIA state.
- Host-specific metadata and bridges are implemented according to the host’s current documentation, not assumed to be universal.
The reliable pattern is therefore narrow and compositional: validate a precise data contract, resolve only trusted components, escape ordinary values, isolate URL and HTML decisions, enforce permissions on the server, and accept the result only after it works for real users and real viewports.
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