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Use docker-php-ext-install to compile PHP core extensions that are available in the official PHP image. Start from a matching cli, apache or fpm image, check whether the module already exists with php -m, install the extension’s operating-system development libraries, configure optional features when required, and then run the helper script. For example:
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FROM php:8.2-apache
RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo pdo_mysqlThe command does not replace dependency installation, and it is not the right installer for every PHP extension. Core extensions use docker-php-ext-install; PECL extensions normally use pecl install followed by docker-php-ext-enable.
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What docker-php-ext-install does
docker-php-ext-install is a helper script shipped with the official PHP Docker images. It builds extensions from the PHP source bundled with the selected image and installs them into that image. The same image family provides docker-php-ext-configure for custom configure arguments and docker-php-ext-enable for enabling installed shared modules.
These scripts are part of the image, not general Docker commands. They are available when you use an official PHP image tag such as php:8.2-cli, php:8.2-apache or php:8.2-fpm. The tag determines the PHP version, the base distribution and which extensions and build tools are available.
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Choose the image and verify the module first
1. Match the runtime image
Choose the variant that will actually run your application:
cliis intended for command-line scripts and workers.apachebundles PHP with Apache for applications served by that web server.fpmprovides PHP-FPM for use behind a separate web server or proxy.
Keep the PHP tag consistent with your application and deployment environment. Package names, available extensions and configure flags vary between PHP tags and between Debian-based and Alpine-based images.
2. Check what is already compiled in
Many extensions are already present in an official image. Check before adding a build step:
docker run --rm php:8.2-cli php -m
docker run --rm php:8.2-cli php -iFor a local Dockerfile, you can also add RUN php -m temporarily and inspect the build output. If the requested module is already listed, compiling it again wastes build time and can create avoidable dependency layers.
The core installation workflow
For an extension that is part of the PHP source shipped in the image, use this sequence:
- Start with the correct official PHP tag. The operating-system family matters because Debian images use
apt-get, while Alpine images useapk. - Confirm the extension is absent. Use
php -morphp -iin the image. - Install development libraries and headers. The helper script does not fetch system dependencies for you. Install every library required by the extension before compiling.
- Configure optional features when needed. Run
docker-php-ext-configurewith the extension-specific flags before installation. - Compile and install. Run
docker-php-ext-install, adding parallel jobs when the builder has enough CPU and memory. - Clean the build layer. Remove package indexes in the same layer as the package installation, and avoid leaving build-only files in the runtime image.
Installing operating-system dependencies
PHP extensions often wrap native libraries. Headers and development packages must be installed before the helper script runs. The exact names depend on the selected PHP tag and base distribution, so copy an example only after checking that it matches your image.
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Debian-based images
On Debian-based official images, install packages with apt-get. Keep the update, installation and package-index cleanup in one RUN instruction so an intermediate layer does not retain stale indexes:
RUN apt-get update
&& apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends
<development-package>
&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
&& docker-php-ext-install <extension>Replace the placeholders with packages required by the particular extension and PHP image. The cleanup removes the downloaded package lists; it does not remove the libraries needed by the compiled module.
Alpine-based images
Alpine images use apk rather than apt-get. Select Alpine development packages that correspond to the extension and the Alpine release in your PHP tag. Do not paste Debian package names into an Alpine build: the names and sometimes the available library versions differ. The helper scripts still perform the PHP-side configure and compile steps, but dependency installation remains your responsibility.
Configure, install and enable are different operations
| Helper | Use it for | Typical position |
|---|---|---|
docker-php-ext-configure |
Passing non-default configure arguments to a core extension | After system libraries are installed and before compilation |
docker-php-ext-install |
Compiling extensions available in the PHP source bundled with the image | After dependency installation and optional configuration |
docker-php-ext-enable |
Enabling an installed shared module, including a module installed through PECL | After the module has been installed |
Running docker-php-ext-enable does not compile a missing extension. Conversely, installing a module does not mean you should blindly enable it if the image already enables it or if it is built statically.
Example: PDO and MySQL support
When the required PDO drivers are available in the image source, a minimal Apache image can install them together:
FROM php:8.2-apache
RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo pdo_mysqlpdo supplies the database abstraction layer and pdo_mysql supplies the MySQL driver. Verify the result in the built image:
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docker build -t php-app .
docker run --rm php-app php -mLook for both module names in the output. If compilation fails before either appears, inspect the first missing-header or configure error rather than adding unrelated packages.
Example: GD with FreeType and JPEG
The GD extension illustrates why configuration and system libraries are separate steps. The documented PHP 8.2 FPM pattern installs the FreeType, JPEG and PNG development libraries, configures GD with FreeType and JPEG support, and compiles it with all available processor cores:
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FROM php:8.2-fpm
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y
libfreetype-dev
libjpeg62-turbo-dev
libpng-dev
&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
&& docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype --with-jpeg
&& docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gdHere, the Debian packages provide native headers and libraries; docker-php-ext-configure gd requests the optional FreeType and JPEG features; and -j$(nproc) allows parallel compilation. Use the flags and package names appropriate to your selected PHP tag. A flag accepted by one PHP version may change in another.
When PECL is the correct path
Not every popular PHP extension is a core extension accepted by docker-php-ext-install. PECL-distributed modules use a different sequence:
RUN pecl install <extension>
&& docker-php-ext-enable <extension>Install any system development libraries required by that PECL module before running pecl install. The PECL command downloads and builds the module; docker-php-ext-enable creates the PHP configuration needed to load it. Do not assume that a module name found in a tutorial is a core extension just because it is commonly used with PHP.
| Question | Core extension | PECL extension |
|---|---|---|
| Where does the code come from? | PHP source bundled with the official image | PECL package installed during the build |
| Primary build command | docker-php-ext-install |
pecl install |
| Custom configuration | Use docker-php-ext-configure when required |
Use the PECL build options and prerequisites documented for that module |
| How is a shared module loaded? | The install process handles the core extension’s installation; enable only when appropriate | Run docker-php-ext-enable after installation |
Using parallel compilation safely
Add -j$(nproc) to docker-php-ext-install when the builder has sufficient CPU and memory:
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RUN docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gdParallel jobs can shorten a build, but they also increase concurrent memory use. If a build is killed, the Docker builder runs out of memory, or compiler processes fail intermittently, reduce the job count or omit -j$(nproc) and build serially. The extension and its dependencies must remain the same; only the compilation scheduling changes.
Keeping production images small
Compilation needs toolchains, headers and package metadata that a running application may not need. Plan the Dockerfile so build-only material does not become part of the final runtime image.
- Remove Debian package indexes with
rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*in the same layer asapt-get update. - Keep installation and cleanup in one
RUNinstruction; deleting files in a later layer does not remove their bytes from earlier layers. - Use a builder stage when your production design separates compilation from runtime. Copy the resulting application and required runtime artifacts into the final image, while leaving compilers and development headers behind.
- If you manually run
docker-php-source extract, remove the extracted source in the same image layer after compilation. The configure and install helpers normally manage source extraction for their documented use cases.
Do not remove a library that the compiled extension needs at runtime merely because it was installed as a development dependency. Distinguish runtime libraries from headers and compiler packages before pruning.
Troubleshooting common failures
The command says an extension is unavailable
First run php -m and confirm the module is not already present. Then verify that the module is a core extension supplied by the PHP source in your selected image. If it is distributed through PECL, switch to pecl install and enable the resulting module. A module name alone does not tell you which installer it requires.
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This usually means a development package was omitted or the package name belongs to a different base distribution. Check the image tag, determine whether it is Debian-based or Alpine-based, and install the matching development headers before rerunning the helper script. Read the first missing-file line in the compiler output; later errors are often consequences of that omission.
GD builds but lacks JPEG or FreeType support
Install the corresponding native development libraries and run docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype --with-jpeg before compiling. Without the configure flags, the build may succeed while optional features remain unavailable. Confirm the result with php -i after the image is built.
Package installation works locally but fails after changing the PHP tag
Package names and configure flags are tied to the PHP tag’s underlying distribution and version. Recheck the tag before changing commands. A Dockerfile written for one Debian release or Alpine release should be treated as an example, not a universal package manifest.
The image becomes unexpectedly large
Inspect whether package indexes, compilers, extracted PHP source or development headers remain in the final image. Move compilation to a builder stage where appropriate, clean package indexes in the installation layer, and remove manually extracted source in that same layer.
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Retry without -j$(nproc) or with a smaller fixed job count. This separates resource pressure from a genuine compiler or dependency error. Once the serial build succeeds, increase parallelism gradually if the builder has adequate memory.
A practical decision checklist
- Is the base image an official PHP
cli,apacheorfpmtag that matches the application? - Does
php -malready list the requested module? - Is the module part of the bundled PHP source, or does it come from PECL?
- Which Debian or Alpine development libraries and headers does it require?
- Does it need
docker-php-ext-configureflags for optional features? - Can the builder handle
-j$(nproc), or should compilation be serial? - Are apt indexes cleaned in the same layer as installation?
- Will build-only tools and manually extracted source stay out of the runtime image?
- After building, does
php -morphp -iconfirm the expected module and features?
Validating the finished image
Build the image, then inspect PHP from inside that exact image rather than from the host:
docker build -t php-app .
docker run --rm php-app php -m
docker run --rm php-app php -iUse the module list to verify loading and the detailed configuration output to verify optional capabilities such as GD’s image-format support. This final check catches cases where compilation completed but the module was not enabled, where a different PHP binary is being inspected, or where optional configure flags were omitted.
Bottom line for choosing the installer
Use docker-php-ext-install for a PHP core extension available in the official image’s source, after installing its operating-system development dependencies. Add docker-php-ext-configure when optional features need explicit flags. Use PECL for PECL-distributed modules, then enable them with docker-php-ext-enable. Verify first, match package commands to the image’s base distribution, compile with sensible parallelism, and clean build material as part of the image design.
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