The Tool Desk
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What “without losing data” can realistically mean
No procedure can promise zero risk without knowing your MongoDB release, Ubuntu version, topology, storage layout, authentication, and backup system. The defensible goal is a recoverable change:
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- Use MongoDB’s supported path for the exact source and target releases.
- Preserve a verified backup, configuration, permissions, and the old packages or binaries.
- Change one risk at a time: packages first, feature compatibility version (FCV) later.
- Define when applications will be stopped, redirected, rolled back, or restored.
mongodump and mongorestore are logical backup tools. They do not make an unsupported version jump safe, and restoring into a newer deployment is not MongoDB’s recommended upgrade method. Use the dump as a recovery option and as evidence that you can restore, while still following the supported binary-upgrade sequence.
Discover the installation before planning commands
Run the following as an administrator with access to the MongoDB service and shell. Save the output with your change record.
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mongod --version
mongosh --quiet --eval 'db.version()'
sudo systemctl status mongod --no-pager
apt-cache policy mongodb-org mongodb-org-serverConnect to the running deployment and record its topology and FCV:
db.adminCommand({ hello: 1 })
db.adminCommand({ getParameter: 1, featureCompatibilityVersion: 1 })For a replica set, also inspect member health and state:
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db.adminCommand({ replSetGetStatus: 1 })Do not start an upgrade while any member is in ROLLBACK or RECOVERING. Resolve replication, storage, or authentication problems first.
| Record | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| MongoDB binary and shell versions | Establishes the source release and helps select the allowed intermediate releases. |
| Ubuntu codename and architecture | The official repository is version- and distribution-specific. |
| Topology and member states | Determines whether you need downtime, a stepdown, or member-by-member sequencing. |
| Repository file and package versions | Prevents an accidental repository switch or unrelated package movement. |
| Configuration, data, log, and key-file paths | Lets you recreate the service with the same settings and permissions. |
| Authentication, TLS, drivers, and maintenance dependencies | These can fail even when the server process starts successfully. |
Back up MongoDB and prove the backup works
Take a logical dump appropriate to the topology
For a full replica-set dump, use the Database Tools release appropriate for your server and include the operation log when the topology permits it:
mongodump --uri='mongodb://USER:PASSWORD@HOST/?authSource=admin'
--out /var/backups/mongodb/$(date -u +%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZ)
--oplog--oplog captures writes occurring while the dump runs; a restore can replay them with mongorestore --oplogReplay. MongoDB documents that this option requires a full dump from a replica-set member. It cannot be used for a sharded-cluster dump and is incompatible with options that restrict the dump, such as limiting the dump to selected namespaces. If those restrictions apply, use an approved backup method for that deployment instead.
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Check tool compatibility and the files
The cited Database Tools documentation covers server versions 4.2 through 9.0 and Ubuntu 16.04 through 24.04 for that tools release. Confirm the tool version against your server before relying on the output, and use the same Database Tools release for restoration when possible; MongoDB warns that format differences can cause restore failure or incorrect data.
Verify that the dump contains the expected databases, collections, metadata, and operation-log file where applicable. Protect credentials and backup permissions, and copy the backup to storage that will survive a failed package change.
Perform an isolated restore test
- Start a temporary MongoDB instance or isolated host that cannot receive production traffic.
- Restore the dump with the matching Database Tools release. Use
--oplogReplayonly when the dump was made with a usable oplog. - Compare collection counts and indexes with production records.
- Run representative application reads and writes against the isolated instance, including authentication and role checks.
- Record the restore date, tool versions, commands, warnings, and the time required. A backup that has never restored is not a rollback plan.
Keep users, roles, TLS material, key files, and any metadata required by your chosen backup method. A data dump alone may not recreate the complete service.
Choose the supported MongoDB version path
Read the exact MongoDB upgrade page for your source release, target release, and topology before changing the repository. MongoDB’s self-managed procedures are release-specific. In MongoDB versions before 9.0, minor releases cannot be skipped when upgrading a self-managed deployment. Do not assume that the newest package can be installed directly over an old one.
Build a written path such as “current release → required intermediate release → target release,” including the required FCV at each stage. Check release compatibility changes, storage and operating-system requirements, and the compatibility of every application driver and integration. Test the target driver versions before the maintenance window when the release notes require it.
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MongoDB separates binary changes from feature activation: “Upgrading the MongoDB binaries and enabling the new version’s features are two separate steps.” New binaries can normally run with the previous FCV while you validate the deployment. Raising FCV enables behaviors and data formats that older binaries may not understand, so it belongs only after the burn-in checks.
Control Ubuntu’s apt state
Save the current package state
Copy the MongoDB repository file, list installed package versions, and capture enabled package holds before editing apt configuration. Also preserve /etc/mongod.conf (or your actual configuration path), service overrides, key files, ownership, and permissions.
sudo cp -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb-org-*.list /var/backups/mongodb/
dpkg-query -W 'mongodb-org*' 2>/dev/null
apt-mark showholdThe filename may differ on your host; copy the actual version-specific MongoDB source file rather than assuming a path.
Point apt at the target repository deliberately
Use MongoDB’s official Ubuntu installation instructions for the target release, Ubuntu codename, and architecture. The repository series controls which server and tool packages apt sees. After changing it, inspect the candidate versions before installing:
apt-cache policy mongodb-org mongodb-org-serverDo not accept a candidate from an unintended Ubuntu or MongoDB series. apt-get can move packages whenever a newer candidate is available, so package holds or an explicit package-version install may be appropriate when you need a tightly controlled change. Document how any hold will be removed for the next planned upgrade.
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Upgrade a standalone safely
A standalone has no member to take over if it is stopped. Plan a maintenance window, stop or drain application writes, and verify that you can restore or reinstall the previous package set before proceeding. MongoDB recommends considering conversion to a replica set before upgrading, especially when downtime and recovery risk are unacceptable.
- Announce the window and freeze writes. Stop application workers or redirect them to a maintenance endpoint. Confirm that no process will keep writing while the server is down.
- Complete and verify the backup. Use the tested dump or your approved physical backup. Confirm that the destination has enough free space and that the restore test passed.
- Record a final health snapshot. Save
systemctl status, package versions, disk usage, configuration, and relevant log messages. - Stop MongoDB cleanly. Use the service name configured on your Ubuntu host:
sudo systemctl stop mongod
sudo systemctl status mongod --no-pager- Install only the intended target package versions. Refresh apt metadata after pointing at the target repository, review the transaction, and install the server and companion packages required by the release-specific procedure. Avoid an unreviewed system-wide upgrade.
- Start and inspect the service.
sudo systemctl start mongod
sudo systemctl status mongod --no-pager
mongosh --quiet --eval 'db.version()'- Run the burn-in checks before changing FCV. Review the MongoDB log, run representative queries, confirm indexes and authentication, and watch disk, memory, and latency. If the server will not start, stop applications and follow the rollback decision rather than deleting the data directory.
- Raise FCV only after validation. Use the exact command and confirmation syntax on the target release page. For a 9.0 procedure, the form is:
db.adminCommand({ setFeatureCompatibilityVersion: "9.0", confirm: true })Do not copy that value for another release. FCV changes internal state; use the target release’s documented value and prerequisites.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Upgrade a replica set member by member
Replica sets reduce application downtime but add sequencing requirements. All members must reach the prerequisite release, members must remain healthy, and FCV operations require majority availability. Never begin while a member is in ROLLBACK or RECOVERING.
- Check redundancy. Confirm that the set has a healthy voting majority, adequate disk space, and acceptable replication lag. Identify the primary, secondaries, hidden members, arbiters, and any member undergoing initial sync.
- Upgrade secondaries first. One member at a time, remove or stop it according to MongoDB’s release-specific procedure, install the target packages, restart it, and wait for it to return to a healthy state and catch up.
- Recheck status after every member. Use
replSetGetStatus, inspect logs, and verify that applications still have a writable primary and a majority. - Step down the primary deliberately. Follow the target release’s documented stepdown procedure and application retry settings. Allow a new primary to be elected before upgrading the former primary.
- Upgrade the former primary. Install the same target packages, restart, and wait for it to rejoin and synchronize.
- Burn in the entire set. Test failover, replication, reads and writes, monitoring, backups, and driver behavior while the old FCV remains in force.
- Raise FCV on the primary. Use the exact target-release command only when the required majority of data-bearing members is available. Do not run an FCV change during an initial sync.
A rolling upgrade is not a license to skip intermediate releases: apply the release-specific sequence to each required version in the path.
Keep FCV unchanged during the burn-in period
After binaries restart on the target version, leave the previous FCV enabled while you validate:
- Replica-set state, election behavior, replication lag, and majority availability.
- MongoDB logs for startup warnings, incompatibilities, authentication failures, and storage errors.
- Representative application transactions, indexes, aggregations, change streams, and driver retries.
- Backup execution and a restore of data written after the binary upgrade.
- Resource use and operational tooling, including monitoring, alerts, and scheduled jobs.
Only when these checks pass should you execute the target release’s FCV command on the primary. FCV is a deliberate compatibility boundary, not an automatic finishing step.
Rollback and recovery decisions
Decide your recovery branch before the maintenance window:
| Condition | Preferred response |
|---|---|
| Package installation failed before data files were opened | Correct the apt repository or package set and reinstall the documented version. |
| New binary starts but an application or driver fails during burn-in | Keep FCV unchanged, stop or redirect clients, and follow the release-specific downgrade guidance using the preserved packages and configuration. |
| A standalone cannot start or data files are damaged | Do not repeatedly modify the data directory; preserve logs and restore the verified backup to an isolated or replacement instance. |
| A replica-set member fails | Keep the remaining healthy majority serving if safe, isolate the failed member, and recover or resync it according to MongoDB’s procedure. |
| FCV has been raised | Do not assume a binary downgrade is safe. Consult the target release’s downgrade and FCV rules; restoration may be the appropriate recovery path. |
Restoring a backup can lose writes made after the backup unless your backup method captured and replayed them. Record the recovery point and communicate that boundary before directing applications to a restored service.
Common apt and upgrade failures
Apt selects an unexpected MongoDB version
Inspect apt-cache policy, the active source file, and package holds. A stale repository, mixed Ubuntu codename, or unheld package can change the candidate. Correct the source, refresh metadata, and review the transaction again before installing.
The service starts but clients cannot connect
Check the bind address, port, TLS settings, authentication database, key-file permissions, firewall rules, and driver compatibility. Compare the active configuration with the saved pre-upgrade copy; a package change should not silently become a configuration migration.
A replica set loses majority
Stop the rolling sequence. Check member health, network reachability, clock and storage errors, and replication lag. Do not raise FCV until the required majority of data-bearing members is available.
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Confirm that the Database Tools release matches the dump and server as closely as possible, that the dump was complete, and that you are not using --oplogReplay with a dump that lacks a valid oplog. Test the restore on an isolated instance rather than experimenting against production.
Quick Recap
Final pre-flight checklist
- Exact source, intermediate, and target releases are written down from MongoDB’s version guide.
- Ubuntu codename, repository file, candidate packages, and package holds are recorded.
- Configuration, data and log paths, permissions, TLS material, and key files are backed up.
- Application drivers and integrations are compatible with the target release.
- A complete backup exists on separate storage and has passed an isolated restore test.
- Standalone downtime or replica-set sequencing, stepdown, and client retry behavior are scheduled.
- Health, replication, logs, representative queries, and backups will be checked before FCV changes.
- Old packages or binaries and a documented rollback or restore decision are available.
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