The safest way to test an AI coding or tool-using agent is to combine four controls: a disposable workspace, explicit filesystem and network limits, narrowly scoped credentials, and an approval policy for actions that need review. Start with no network and the smallest tool set, then add one capability at a time. Verify the limits with benign boundary checks, repeat those checks for child processes and integrations, and retain the agent’s policy and execution logs.
Sandboxing and approvals solve different problems. A sandbox is the technical execution boundary; an approval policy determines when an action runs automatically, waits for a human, or is denied. You need both controls to test safely.
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Understand the two control planes before configuring anything
A sandbox constrains what the agent’s processes can technically do: which paths are readable or writable, which network destinations are reachable, and which parts of the host remain protected. Approval policy governs whether a requested action is allowed automatically, paused for review, or rejected. An approval prompt cannot repair an over-broad sandbox, and a tight sandbox does not tell you whether a risky command should require a person.
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OpenAI describes the relationship this way: “Approvals and sandboxing work together. The sandbox defines the technical execution boundary, including where Codex can write, whether it can reach the network, and which paths remain protected. Approval policy determines when Codex must ask to perform an action, such as when it needs to do something outside of the sandbox.” See OpenAI’s guidance on running Codex safely.
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- Sandbox boundary: filesystem paths, network reachability, protected paths and, depending on the product, process or integration coverage.
- Approval policy: automatic execution, an approval request, explicit denial, or an evaluation decision for a tool call.
- Credential policy: which secrets exist at all, where they can be read, and what those credentials can do.
- Audit policy: which requests, tool calls, decisions, results and network events are retained.
Filesystem and network isolation are independent dimensions. Disabling one does not necessarily disable the other, but weakening either can create a meaningful new attack path.
Define a test boundary that can be reproduced
Write down the boundary before starting the agent. Treat it as a test contract that another engineer could apply to a fresh environment.
List the data and paths in scope
Identify the repository, fixtures, build outputs and temporary directories the test actually needs. Keep the workspace separate from your home directory and production checkouts. Exclude SSH keys, cloud-provider credentials, browser profiles, package-manager configuration containing tokens, personal documents and any production data. If a test needs a sample credential, create a synthetic one with a short lifetime and the minimum permissions required.
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Record every capability the workflow may invoke: shell, version-control operations, package managers, MCP servers, browser or computer-use tools, deployment commands, background workers and helper processes. Do not assume that a shell sandbox automatically covers a graphical computer-use tool or a separately hosted integration.
Specify network destinations
Begin with no outbound network. If the test cannot work without a connection, name each required host and the reason for it. Package registries, source-code hosts and MCP endpoints should be explicit additions, not incidental conveniences. A host allowlist is not an operation allowlist: an allowed host can generally receive uploads as well as return data. Anthropic’s managed-environment documentation explains this risk and the need to treat network access as a data-egress path (cloud environment setup).
Write the expected approval behavior
For each tool, decide whether the agent may run it automatically, must ask, or must be denied. Mark shell commands that deploy, publish, delete, alter external systems or send data for approval even when they run inside the filesystem sandbox.
Build a disposable execution environment
Use a disposable branch, worktree, container or hosted environment containing only the repository and synthetic fixtures needed for the scenario. The environment should be easy to destroy and recreate so a previous run cannot leave hidden state for the next one.
- Prepare the source: create a test branch or a separate worktree and copy only the files required by the scenario.
- Remove ambient state: clear inherited environment variables, user configuration, credential stores and shell startup files unless the test explicitly examines them.
- Set ownership and permissions: make the agent’s working directory writable only where the test requires writes; keep reference fixtures read-only.
- Record the baseline: capture the initial file list, environment-variable names (not secret values), listening services and network policy.
- Destroy and recreate: after a run, discard the environment or reset it from a known image rather than trusting cleanup performed by the agent.
A hosted environment can reduce differences between developers’ machines, but it is not automatically safer. Make its filesystem, network, credentials and logging settings explicit for every test.
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Configure filesystem isolation deliberately
Use the narrowest writable root that still lets the agent complete the scenario. A typical coding test needs the checkout, a build cache and a temporary directory; it does not need the entire home directory or the host filesystem.
Separate read and write needs
- Allow read/write access to the disposable checkout and designated build or test-output directories.
- Allow read-only access to fixtures that the agent must inspect but never modify.
- Deny access to home-directory configuration, SSH material, cloud credentials, browser data and production worktrees.
- Keep sockets and device files out of the namespace unless the test specifically requires them.
Broad writable paths can undermine isolation even when the agent’s prompt sounds harmless. Review symlink behavior, mounted volumes, privileged Unix sockets and bind mounts; a path that appears to be a test directory may expose a larger host tree through one of these mechanisms.
Check what the sandbox actually covers
Read the selected product’s documentation for process and integration scope. Claude Code’s documented Bash sandbox covers shell commands and their child processes, but computer use operates on the actual desktop and uses separate per-application prompts. That means a successful shell restriction does not prove that a browser, desktop automation tool or external MCP server is restricted in the same way. See Configure the sandboxed Bash tool.
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Start with a deny-by-default network policy
For an offline test, disable outbound networking entirely. This prevents an agent from uploading source files, fetching unreviewed instructions or contacting an external service that was not part of the scenario.
Add only documented hosts
When a connection is required, add the exact host and port used by the test, then document why it is needed. Recheck redirects, alternate domains, package-manager mirrors and DNS behavior. A host-level allowlist does not limit the HTTP method or payload, so a command with access to an allowed destination may still upload files or secrets.
Keep approvals on risky network use
Require review for commands that send data, publish artifacts, open pull requests, call deployment APIs or access an MCP endpoint containing mutable tools. Network access and tool authorization should be evaluated together; granting a host while leaving a powerful upload-capable tool on automatic execution defeats the purpose of a narrow allowlist.
Hosted-environment caution
Anthropic’s managed cloud environments document a limited networking mode with an allowed-host list and optional package-manager and MCP access. The documented package-manager host list is vendor-maintained and can change. The same documentation says that omitting networking in an API create request results in unrestricted networking; verify that default against the current product documentation before relying on it (cloud environment setup).
Handle credentials as a separate security problem
A filesystem sandbox does not make a broadly privileged token safe. Remove or mask environment variables by default and deny reads of credential files. If the workflow genuinely needs authentication, issue a short-lived credential scoped to the test resource and revoke it after the run. Never reuse a production token for an exploratory agent test.
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Recheck this design if filesystem isolation is disabled or weakened: some protections for credential files are implemented by the isolation layer. Keep secrets out of command arguments and logs, and ensure that an allowed network destination cannot be used to exfiltrate them.
OpenAI’s enterprise guidance gives examples such as protected paths, OS-keyring storage, managed requirements and telemetry. Those are configurable policy patterns, not universal settings; choose values that match your repository, network model and organization (Running Codex safely at OpenAI).
Choose tools and approval modes explicitly
Enable only the tools needed for the test. Disable deployment, publishing, destructive operations and external-write integrations unless the scenario is specifically about them. For enabled tools, define the approval behavior before sending the task.
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Anthropic’s managed-agent permissions can be always_allow, always_ask or auto. The documentation states that the agent toolset defaults to always_allow, while MCP toolsets default to always_ask; tools can also be disabled. Under auto, the server may run, deny or pause for approval. See Permission policies.
Use always_ask for tools that can affect external systems or authorize an end user’s request. If untrusted end-user text is passed as user intent, it may influence policy evaluation; do not let that text silently authorize actions that require an operator’s review.
Approval is not a substitute for a boundary
An approver may miss a dangerous path hidden in a long command, and an unattended run may have no approver available. Keep the sandbox restrictive even when every tool call is configured to ask. Conversely, keep approval on high-impact actions even when the command cannot write outside the disposable workspace.
Run benign boundary checks before the real task
Use harmless checks to prove that the policy behaves as designed. These are validation steps, not a guarantee that every future command is safe.
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- Allowed read: have the agent read a known fixture inside the permitted workspace and confirm the expected content.
- Allowed write: create and then remove a file in the designated output directory.
- Forbidden read: attempt to read a deliberately protected path and confirm a denial without exposing its contents.
- Forbidden write: attempt to create a file outside the writable root and confirm that the operation fails.
- Network denial: try a connection to an unapproved host and verify that it is unreachable or blocked by policy.
- Permitted network: if an allowlist is required, connect to the approved host and verify that the event is logged and the tool’s approval behavior is correct.
- Process inheritance: repeat the file and network checks from a child process and from any background task the workflow starts.
- Tool coverage: repeat the checks through MCP, browser or computer-use features, delegates and helper services included in the actual test.
Use synthetic filenames and data for these checks. Do not test a denial by pointing the agent at a real private key or production directory.
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Test the exact execution path, not just the shell
Agents often combine a model, a shell, child processes, MCP tools, browser automation and background work. Each layer may have different isolation and approval semantics. A passing shell test therefore proves only what it covers.
- Run a child-process check for compilers, test runners and package scripts.
- Check delegates or sub-agents if the platform can start them.
- Check background jobs that may continue after the visible tool call returns.
- Check browser or computer-use actions separately; desktop access can reach applications and data outside the shell sandbox.
- Check every MCP server with its own permission policy and network route.
Document which components were tested and which were intentionally disabled. Do not generalize one command-line product’s behavior to every agent platform.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Keep an audit trail that explains decisions
For team testing, retain the task or user request, the model’s tool calls, approval decisions, execution results, and network allow or deny events where the platform exposes them. Logs should show why an action happened, not merely which file changed.
OpenAI describes exporting agent-related events through OpenTelemetry and enterprise compliance logs (Running Codex safely at OpenAI). Redact credentials and sensitive fixture contents before sharing logs. Keep timestamps, policy versions and environment identifiers so a later reviewer can reproduce the decision path.
Local CLI sandbox or hosted environment?
Neither approach is universally safer. Choose based on the threat model, workflow and operational capacity, then apply the same boundary checks in either environment.
| Dimension | Local CLI sandbox | Hosted managed environment |
|---|---|---|
| Filesystem isolation | Configured on the developer or CI host; scope depends on the product and host setup. | Provisioned as an isolated environment; exact mounts and persistence depend on the service configuration. |
| Network control | Can be disabled or restricted locally; inspect routes, proxies and inherited credentials. | May provide modes such as a limited host allowlist, with optional package-manager and MCP access; verify current defaults. |
| Credential protection | Requires deliberate removal or masking of local environment variables and files. | Secrets can be injected into the managed environment, but scope, lifetime and logging still require configuration. |
| Tools and processes in scope | Shell and child-process coverage may be documented, while desktop or integrations can follow separate rules. | Toolsets and server-side policies are explicit, but each enabled integration still needs its own test. |
| Reproducibility | Can drift with the developer’s machine, installed software and host policy. | Usually easier to recreate from a managed configuration, subject to service changes. |
| Approvals and audit | Depends on the CLI and your logging pipeline. | Managed permission modes and provider logs may be available; confirm retention and export options. |
| Operational effort | Fast for local experiments, but isolation and cleanup are your responsibility. | Less host coupling, with setup, account, quota and provider-policy dependencies. |
The comparison reflects documented capabilities and configuration patterns, not a universal winner. Re-evaluate the selected product’s current documentation immediately before deployment because defaults and host lists can change.
Product-specific cautions to include in a test plan
OpenAI Codex
OpenAI presents writable roots, allowed and denied domains, protected credential storage, managed requirements and telemetry as examples of a configurable policy. Treat those examples as a starting vocabulary, not a ready-made policy for every repository. Set the writable paths, network model, approval rules and logging destinations to match the particular test (Running Codex safely at OpenAI).
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For managed agents, record whether each tool is always_allow, always_ask, auto or disabled. Keep review on tools that end users must not authorize without an operator, especially when untrusted text can influence policy evaluation (Permission policies).
Claude Code local Bash sandbox
Check the documented separation between filesystem and network isolation, credential-file and environment-variable protections, shell child-process coverage, and the separate prompts used for computer use. Broad writable paths, broad domains and privileged Unix sockets can undermine the intended boundary (Configure the sandboxed Bash tool).
Troubleshoot common failures
The agent cannot install a dependency
First confirm whether the test should permit package downloads at all. If it should, add only the documented registry hosts, keep credentials scoped, and record the approval decision. Do not solve the problem by enabling unrestricted networking.
A forbidden file is readable
Inspect mounts, symlinks, inherited working directories, environment variables and helper processes. Recreate the environment with a smaller writable root and remove host sockets or bind mounts that are not essential.
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The integration may use a separate process or service route. Test that tool directly, inspect its network policy, and disable it until an equivalent restriction and approval path are demonstrated.
A credential appears in output or logs
Revoke it, remove the secret from the environment, and repeat with a synthetic short-lived credential. Check command arguments, debug logging, shell history, child processes and permitted upload destinations.
An approval prompt is unexpectedly bypassed
Check the tool’s configured mode, inherited policy, delegated process and whether the action was executed by a different integration. An approval rule applies only where that product documents it; repeat the check on every path used by the workflow.
Operational checklist
- Disposable workspace contains only required source and synthetic fixtures.
- Writable, read-only and protected paths are documented and verified.
- Outbound networking is disabled or limited to named hosts.
- Package-manager and MCP access are explicit additions.
- No production credentials are present; test tokens are short-lived and least privilege.
- Tools are minimized; deploy, publish, destructive and external-write actions require review or are disabled.
- Child processes, background jobs, delegates, browser/computer-use features and integrations have been checked.
- Allowed and denied file, network and tool actions produce the expected results.
- Requests, tool calls, approvals, outcomes and network events are retained with sensitive data redacted.
- Product defaults and host lists have been checked against current official documentation.
Use this sequence for every new agent workflow. A configuration that is safe for an offline coding task may be unsafe for a browser task, an MCP workflow or a deployment test because the tools, data paths and network routes are different.
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