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The reliable pattern is straightforward: run the CNCF Distribution registry in Docker on a VPS, persist its storage, give it a DNS name, protect external access with trusted HTTPS, configure authentication, and test push and pull from another Docker client. The short docker run example often shown in documentation is useful for a local trial, but it is not a production configuration until TLS, access control, backups, and retention procedures are in place.
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What a private registry on a VPS actually is
A Docker registry is a service that stores image manifests and layer blobs and serves them through the Docker Registry HTTP API. In this design, the registry software runs as a container on your VPS. The VPS supplies compute, networking, a public address, and disk; it does not automatically provide image storage, authentication, backups, or a secure endpoint.
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A complete deployment therefore has these moving parts:
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- A VPS with Docker already installed and enough persistent disk for the images you intend to retain.
- A DNS name such as
registry.example.compointing to the VPS. - Firewall and routing rules that permit only the traffic you intend to serve, normally HTTPS on port 443.
- Distribution registry configuration with a persistent storage root.
- A trusted certificate and private key, either configured directly in the registry or supplied by a reverse proxy.
- Authentication and repository permissions tested from a Docker client.
- Backups and a documented deletion and garbage-collection procedure.
Plan the VPS, DNS, and network first
Choose persistent capacity, not just CPU
Image size, the number of tags, concurrent uploads, retention policy, and backup history determine capacity. The official material does not prescribe a universal VPS size or throughput figure; those values vary with your workload. Start by measuring the compressed size of the images you actually publish and reserve room for multiple versions, temporary upload data, logs, and local backup staging.
Do not place the registry’s only copy on an ephemeral disk. If the VPS provider offers an attached block volume, mount it at a stable host path such as /srv/registry. Keep that path in your backup plan. The registry’s default local POSIX filesystem is suitable for development and small deployments, while the project also documents S3, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Storage backends when you want image data separated from the VPS.
Create a dedicated hostname
Create an A or AAAA record for a name dedicated to the registry, for example registry.example.com. Use the same hostname when obtaining the certificate, configuring the registry or proxy, logging in, and tagging images. A mismatch between the name in the certificate and the name in an image tag is a common cause of failed pushes.
Restrict exposure
The registry process normally listens on port 5000 internally. For an externally accessible service, expose HTTPS on port 443 and keep the backend port private whenever possible. Open SSH only to the administration sources you need, and avoid publishing an unauthenticated registry directly to the internet.
Install Docker and prepare storage
Install Docker using the instructions for your VPS operating system, then confirm that the daemon and client work:
docker versionCreate the host directory that will hold registry data and ensure the Docker daemon can write to it:
sudo mkdir -p /srv/registry
sudo chown -R root:root /srv/registryThe exact ownership and labeling requirements depend on the operating system’s security policy. The important design requirement is that the path is on persistent storage and is included in backups. If you use an object-storage backend instead, keep its bucket or container credentials outside the image and treat that service as part of the registry’s durability design.
Run a bootstrap registry container
The minimal command documented by Distribution is:
docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --restart=always --name registry registry:3This starts a registry for a quick local test. It does not configure persistent host storage, HTTPS, or authentication, so do not use it as the final public deployment.
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A useful bootstrap command with a persistent local filesystem is:
docker run -d
--name registry
--restart=always
-p 5000:5000
-v /srv/registry:/var/lib/registry
registry:3Check that the container is running and inspect its logs before adding the public endpoint:
docker ps --filter name=registry
docker logs --tail=100 registryAt this point, treat the service as a private development endpoint. Distribution’s own deployment guidance labels unsecured examples as testing-only until TLS and access control are added.
Configure storage deliberately
Local filesystem storage
Local storage is the simplest choice for a small registry. Set the filesystem root explicitly when mounting a host path so that the container’s /var/lib/registry corresponds to the disk you planned. A configuration file can make that choice explicit:
version: 0.1
storage:
filesystem:
rootdirectory: /var/lib/registryIf you supply a complete configuration file, mount it read-only and start the container with the registry’s configuration path. Keep the data directory and configuration backups separate: the data contains image content, while the configuration contains endpoint, authentication, and storage settings.
Object-storage backends
Distribution documents backends for S3, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Storage. Object storage can separate image data from the VPS, simplify capacity growth, and make a replacement VPS less disruptive. It also introduces provider credentials, bucket policy, network latency, and a second service whose availability and cost must be managed. Compare the options on durability and backup design, capacity growth, operational complexity, latency, portability, and cost rather than assuming one is universally better.
| Storage choice | Strengths | Operational concerns |
|---|---|---|
| Local POSIX filesystem | Simple deployment and low request latency for a small registry | VPS disk capacity and failure domain; backups must copy the registry data elsewhere |
| S3, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud Storage backend | Image data can be separated from the VPS and expanded independently | Credentials, bucket or container policy, provider availability, latency, and usage charges |
Secure the registry with HTTPS
Distribution’s deployment documentation says that external access requires TLS. Use a certificate issued by a publicly trusted certificate authority for clients that are not centrally managed. A self-signed certificate can be useful in a controlled test environment, but every Docker client must then trust your private CA, and an unverified self-signed setup is not an acceptable public configuration.
Terminate TLS in the registry
The registry can serve HTTPS itself. The relevant settings are the certificate and private-key paths under the HTTP configuration. A minimal configuration fragment looks like this:
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http:
addr: :5000
tls:
certificate: /certs/registry.crt
key: /certs/registry.keyMount the certificate directory into the container without making the private key world-readable. Keep the key out of image layers and source repositories. If you use Let’s Encrypt integration as described in the Distribution documentation, the outward-facing address must be reachable on port 443 and the allowed host list should be constrained to the registry hostname.
Terminate TLS at a reverse proxy
A separate web server can proxy HTTPS to the registry’s private port 5000. This is useful when the VPS already has a reverse proxy that automates certificates, centralizes access logs, or applies network-level policy. The proxy must preserve the Docker Registry API’s request and response behavior, allow large uploads, and pass authentication challenges correctly. Keep port 5000 bound to localhost or an internal network instead of exposing it directly.
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|---|---|---|
| TLS in Distribution | The registry is the only HTTPS service or you want its certificate settings managed with the registry | Certificate renewal and HTTPS logging are tied to the registry container’s configuration |
| TLS at a reverse proxy | The VPS already standardizes certificate automation, logging, and front-door access control | There is an additional proxy failure point and it must be configured for registry uploads and authentication |
Whichever design you choose, verify the public hostname with a separate Docker client. A browser test alone does not prove that the Docker Registry API, certificate chain, and upload handling are correct.
Add authentication and repository authorization
Distribution natively supports TLS and basic authentication. Docker clients normally receive an authentication challenge and then obtain a repository-scoped bearer token. A container starting successfully does not prove that credentials, token scope, or repository permissions are correct.
Use a protected credential store
Configure the registry’s authentication section with a realm and a credential source such as an htpasswd file, then mount that file into the container read-only. Keep the realm URL consistent with the externally visible HTTPS endpoint. The exact command used to create the password file depends on the operating system’s Apache utilities, but the resulting file must be readable by the registry process and must not be stored in the image itself.
For multiple teams or fine-grained permissions, place an authorization service in front of Distribution or use a token service that issues repository-scoped bearer tokens. Basic authentication alone identifies a user; it does not automatically express which repositories that user may push to.
Test the challenge from a client
From a workstation or CI runner that is not the VPS, log in to the registry hostname:
docker login registry.example.comEnter the credentials for the account you intend to use. Test both an allowed repository and a denied operation. A successful login followed by an unauthorized push usually indicates a token-scope or repository-policy problem, not a Docker daemon problem.
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Push and pull a test image end to end
This workflow checks DNS, certificate trust, authentication, storage writes, and client compatibility in one pass.
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- Pull a small public image that your client can access:
docker pull alpine:latest - Retag it with your registry hostname and a repository name:
docker tag alpine:latest registry.example.com/test/alpine:latest - Authenticate to the registry:
docker login registry.example.com - Push the tag:
docker push registry.example.com/test/alpine:latest - Remove the local copies so the next pull is meaningful:
docker image rm alpine:latest registry.example.com/test/alpine:latest - Pull the image from the private registry:
docker pull registry.example.com/test/alpine:latest
If the push fails, read the client error and the registry or proxy logs together. Certificate errors point to hostname or trust-chain problems; 401 Unauthorized indicates an authentication challenge or missing credentials; 403 Forbidden commonly indicates a repository-scope decision; and storage errors require checking the mounted path, disk availability, and backend credentials.
Back up and monitor the data
A registry backup is more than a copy of the container definition. For local storage, back up the entire configured filesystem root while the registry is in a consistent state, and preserve the registry configuration and authentication files separately. For object storage, back up or replicate the bucket or container according to that provider’s durability and versioning features, and retain the credentials and policy needed to restore access.
Test restoration on a separate Docker host. A backup that cannot be used to start a registry and pull a known tag is not a verified backup. Monitor disk usage, failed uploads, authentication failures, certificate expiry, and registry container restarts.
Delete old images safely
Deletion is disabled by default in the Distribution configuration reference. That default prevents an accidental API call from removing manifests. If you need retention cleanup, enable deletion deliberately and document which repositories and tags are eligible.
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A tag points to a manifest. The manifest references layer blobs, and layers may be shared by many tags or repositories. Removing a tag or manifest does not necessarily free disk space immediately because shared or unreferenced blobs remain until garbage collection determines that nothing references them.
Use a read-only window
Before garbage collection, stop writes or run the registry in read-only mode. New pushes that arrive while the mark-and-sweep process is evaluating manifests can create races or leave storage in an unexpected state. Schedule the operation during a maintenance window and ensure that CI jobs cannot push during it.
Perform a dry run, then collect
Run the Distribution garbage-collection command in dry-run mode first and review the blobs it would remove. After confirming that the result matches your retention policy, run collection for real. The --delete-untagged option removes untagged manifests; use it only when those manifests are intentionally disposable.
docker exec registry registry garbage-collect --dry-run /etc/distribution/config.yml
docker exec registry registry garbage-collect --delete-untagged /etc/distribution/config.ymlThe exact configuration-file path must match the path used by your container. Keep a current backup before the destructive run. If you cannot stop writes, defer collection rather than gambling with active uploads.
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Common failure modes and fixes
“HTTP response to HTTPS client” or insecure-registry errors
The client is contacting a registry that is speaking plain HTTP, or a proxy is forwarding to the wrong endpoint. Use the certificate-backed hostname and expose HTTPS on port 443. Do not solve a public deployment by adding an insecure-registry exception to every Docker daemon.
Certificate is valid for a different name
Retag and log in with the hostname covered by the certificate. Check DNS and certificate renewal if the name changed. A certificate for the VPS’s provider hostname does not automatically cover registry.example.com.
Login succeeds but push is denied
Inspect the repository name and the token scope returned after the challenge. Confirm that the account is authorized to push to that repository and that the reverse proxy is forwarding authentication headers and status codes unchanged.
Pushes fail part way through
Check free disk space, the mounted filesystem root, proxy upload limits, and network timeouts. For object storage, verify bucket or container credentials and policy. Review both the Docker client output and registry logs; one often identifies whether the failure occurred before or after a blob reached storage.
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Shared blobs remain while any manifest references them. Remove the intended manifests or tags first, wait for the retention policy to take effect, then run garbage collection during a read-only window. A dry run shows what the collector considers unreferenced.
Production readiness checklist
- Registry data is on persistent storage, not the container’s writable layer.
- The registry hostname resolves correctly from every intended client network.
- Port 443 is reachable; the backend port 5000 is not unnecessarily public.
- A trusted certificate covers the exact hostname clients use.
- Authentication is enabled and repository permissions have been tested with a real Docker client.
- Configuration, credentials, and image data are backed up with a tested restore procedure.
- Disk, certificate, authentication, upload, and restart conditions are monitored.
- Deletion remains disabled unless a retention policy requires it.
- Garbage collection is preceded by a backup, read-only period, and dry run.
Final deployment sequence
For a small, self-managed service, the safest order is to prepare the VPS and persistent disk, point DNS at the host, run Distribution with a persistent volume, configure HTTPS, add authentication, and complete the push-remove-pull test from another machine. Only after those checks pass should the registry become a dependency for CI or production deployments. Choose local storage when simplicity and a small footprint matter; choose an object-storage backend when separating image data from the VPS and expanding capacity are more important. In both cases, secure the endpoint first and treat retention and recovery as part of the registry, not as optional housekeeping.
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