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Keep the Rails database off the public internet by separating the deployment into a public edge, a private Rails application tier, and a private database tier. Permit only edge-to-app and app-to-database traffic, then give operators a separate, logged-in path through a bastion or provider SSH endpoint. For administration, use a local SSH forward bound to 127.0.0.1, require the forward to succeed before the session continues, and close it as soon as the task is complete.
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This design protects exposure and routing, but an SSH tunnel is not a substitute for database authentication, authorization, secret management, or encryption on every network hop. The critical question is where each encrypted segment ends.
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A secure Rails deployment has three distinct network roles:
- Edge tier: the public reverse proxy or load-balancing layer that accepts HTTP and HTTPS traffic.
- Application tier: Rails processes on private addresses. They receive requests only from the edge tier and initiate database connections only to the database tier.
- Database tier: PostgreSQL on a private address, reachable by the Rails application and by a tightly controlled administrative path, not by arbitrary internet clients.
The edge is the only tier that needs public exposure. Security groups, firewall rules, network policies, or the hosting provider’s private-network controls should express the allowed flows explicitly rather than relying on the fact that a service is hard to guess.
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| Flow | Required source | Destination | Exposure | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web requests | Internet clients | Public edge | Public | HTTPS termination, application-layer filtering, and forwarding only to the Rails tier |
| Application requests | Public edge | Private Rails service | Private | Allow only the edge-to-app port and source range |
| Database traffic | Rails service | Private PostgreSQL service | Private | Allow only the app-to-database port and authenticate with a least-privilege database role |
| Operator administration | Authorized operator through bastion or provider SSH endpoint | Database or internal service port | Private target, controlled entry point | Separate identity, key review, narrow forwarding destination, and access logging |
Do not expose PostgreSQL merely to make a GUI client convenient. A public address or a provider’s public TCP proxy adds a new internet-facing path that must be defended independently. Keep the private route for normal application traffic and create a temporary tunnel for maintenance.
What an SSH tunnel actually protects
Local port forwarding
With local forwarding, the SSH client opens a listening socket on your workstation. When a local program connects to that socket, SSH carries the bytes to the SSH server, which then opens a connection to the specified target and port.
The general form is:
ssh -L local_bind_address:local_port:remote_target:remote_port user@ssh_serverThe remote target is resolved from the SSH server’s point of view. Therefore, remote_target can be a database hostname that is private to the bastion’s network. The local port is arbitrary; choose an unused high port so it does not conflict with a local PostgreSQL instance.
The PostgreSQL documentation demonstrates the pattern with ssh -L 63333:localhost:5432 [email protected], followed by psql -h localhost -p 63333 postgres. The same principle applies to a Rails database: the client connects to the local listener, while the SSH server reaches the private PostgreSQL endpoint.
The encryption boundary matters
SSH encrypts the connection between the SSH client and the SSH server. It does not automatically encrypt a second connection that the SSH server makes onward to another host. For example:
ssh -L 63333:db.foo.com:5432 [email protected]encrypts the workstation-to-shell.foo.com segment. The connection from shell.foo.com to db.foo.com is outside that SSH tunnel. PostgreSQL’s guide calls out this boundary explicitly.
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There are three defensible ways to handle the onward leg:
- Terminate SSH on the database host itself, when that is operationally and architecturally appropriate.
- Use a second protected channel for the bastion-to-database leg, such as authenticated database TLS or another encrypted private network.
- Use a provider private network whose transport is encrypted, while still enforcing database authentication and authorization.
A bastion is therefore a controlled entry point, not a magical encryption wrapper around every hop. Document the endpoint and protection used for each segment.
Prepare the deployment before opening a tunnel
Place services on private addresses
Put the Rails service and PostgreSQL service on private addresses or an isolated provider environment. Publish only the edge tier. Confirm that the Rails process can resolve the database’s private hostname and that the database firewall accepts connections from the Rails service’s network identity, not from the whole internet.
Create a narrow operator path
Use a dedicated bastion or a provider-managed SSH endpoint with only the network reachability required for the task. The bastion should not become a general-purpose jump box with access to every subnet. If an operator needs PostgreSQL administration, allow the PostgreSQL destination and port; do not automatically allow unrelated internal services.
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Give operators individual accounts or provider identities and individual SSH keys. Remove unused keys, review access logs, and expire or rotate short-lived access after maintenance. A shared “deploy” key makes attribution and revocation harder, even when the account name is convenient.
Decide whether the account needs a shell
If the platform permits it, use a tunnel-only account with interactive shells disabled. The account should be able to establish the required forward and nothing more. This reduces the impact of a stolen key and makes the intended workflow auditable.
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Open a safe PostgreSQL tunnel
For an operator whose SSH endpoint can reach PostgreSQL on its own loopback address, use:
ssh -N -T -o ExitOnForwardFailure=yes
-L 127.0.0.1:63333:127.0.0.1:5432
[email protected]- Check the local port. Make sure nothing else is listening on
127.0.0.1:63333. Select another high port if necessary. - Verify the target from the bastion. The two
127.0.0.1addresses mean “the SSH client’s local loopback” and “the SSH server’s loopback,” respectively. Use the database’s private hostname instead if PostgreSQL is on another private host. - Run the command from a trusted workstation. The SSH host key must match the expected bastion identity. Do not bypass host-key verification to make a failed connection work.
- Keep the session open.
-Nrequests forwarding only, with no remote command.-Tdisables a pseudo-terminal, which is appropriate for a tunnel-only session. - Fail closed.
ExitOnForwardFailure=yesmakes SSH exit if it cannot establish the requested forward instead of leaving you with a session that appears connected but cannot carry traffic. - Connect the database client locally. Point
psqlor a GUI client at127.0.0.1and port63333, while supplying the normal database name, user, password, and any TLS settings through your approved secret mechanism. - Close the tunnel. End the SSH session as soon as the administrative task is finished. A tunnel left running is an unnecessary active access path.
psql -h 127.0.0.1 -p 63333 -U admin_role -d app_productionUse a database role intended for the maintenance task rather than the application’s broadest role. Keep credentials in the normal secret store or password manager; do not put passwords in shell history, source control, or a command line that other local users can inspect.
When the database is on another private host
If the bastion reaches PostgreSQL at db.internal.example, the forward becomes:
ssh -N -T -o ExitOnForwardFailure=yes
-L 127.0.0.1:63333:db.internal.example:5432
[email protected]That command still encrypts the workstation-to-bastion leg only. Use PostgreSQL TLS, a second protected channel, or an encrypted private network for the bastion-to-database connection. Confirm the database certificate and hostname checks required by your PostgreSQL client instead of assuming that the private address alone provides encryption.
Configure Rails for private east-west traffic
The Rails application should connect directly to the database’s private hostname or private service name. The operator tunnel is a separate path for administration; it does not prove that the application path is correctly authorized.
- Store the production database URL or its individual connection settings in the platform’s secret store.
- Allow the database port only from the Rails service’s private network identity.
- Use a dedicated application database role with only the privileges Rails requires.
- Keep migrations and administrative credentials separate from the runtime credentials where your deployment process allows it.
- Test DNS resolution, TCP reachability, credentials, and authorization from the Rails runtime itself.
Run application-path testing independently from operator testing. A successful local tunnel can coexist with a broken Rails configuration, a blocked private firewall rule, an expired secret, or a database role that lacks the required permissions.
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Provider private networking and SSH access
Some managed platforms provide a private service network in addition to an SSH endpoint. Railway’s documentation, for example, describes PostgreSQL as private by default; enabling public access creates a TCP Proxy and a public connection path. Prefer the private path and use the SSH tunnel for operator access rather than enabling public access for convenience.
Railway also documents a command pattern that opens a local tunnel and prints connection details for command-line or graphical clients:
railway connect --ssh --tunnel-onlyThe tunnel remains open while the client uses the printed local connection details. The platform describes forwarding as limited to the container loopback and project private network. Treat those provider limits as an additional boundary, not as a replacement for database credentials, role permissions, or operator identity controls.
Railway’s private-networking documentation describes encrypted WireGuard tunnels, internal DNS, traffic that stays within the provider’s infrastructure, and support for TCP database traffic. Those controls protect transport and routing between services. Rails still needs authenticated connections, safe secret handling, authorization checks, and least-privilege database roles.
Restrict the SSH server and forwarding destinations
Forwarding should be narrower than ordinary shell access. Apply the following controls on the bastion or provider endpoint:
- Restrict
AllowTcpForwardingto the forwarding mode required by the workflow. - Limit permitted forwarding destinations and ports to the database or internal service actually needed.
- Disable interactive shells for tunnel-only accounts when supported.
- Use separate operator identities and review authentication and forwarding logs.
- Remove unused keys and rotate or expire temporary access after maintenance.
- Keep the bastion’s own outbound network rules narrow; a tunnel is only as constrained as the SSH server’s ability to reach targets.
Do not give an operator unrestricted forwarding and rely on personal judgment to select a safe destination. Enforce the destination at the SSH or provider policy layer so a stolen key cannot be repurposed to reach unrelated internal services.
Bind the local listener to loopback
Always prefer an explicit loopback bind such as 127.0.0.1:63333. A command that omits the bind address may listen on a broader local interface depending on the SSH client’s defaults and configuration. Binding to loopback prevents other machines on the workstation’s network from using the tunnel accidentally.
Use a different local port from the remote service when convenient. There is no requirement for the local and remote port numbers to match: 63333 can forward to PostgreSQL’s remote 5432. Record the mapping in the maintenance runbook so a second operator does not connect a client to the wrong local service.
Compare the main access designs
| Design | Public exposure | Encryption coverage | Identity and audit | Operational trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct public PostgreSQL endpoint | Database exposed through a public address or proxy | Depends on database TLS and client configuration | Database logs plus provider or firewall logs | Simple client connectivity, but the largest internet-facing attack surface |
| Bastion with local SSH forward | SSH endpoint or bastion is exposed; database remains private | SSH client-to-bastion; protect the onward leg separately | Operator SSH identity, key review, forwarding policy, and logs | Strong administrative separation, with a tunnel to open and close |
| Provider SSH tunnel over private service network | Provider SSH endpoint is the controlled entry point | SSH tunnel plus provider’s encrypted private-network transport | Provider identity and tunnel logs, plus database authentication | Less infrastructure to operate, but dependent on provider tooling and availability |
| Application-only private connection | No operator route unless one is added temporarily | Private-network transport and database protocol protections | Rails service identity and database logs | Best default for runtime traffic; not sufficient by itself for emergency administration |
Evaluate any design against the same questions: Is the database publicly reachable? Is every hop encrypted? How are identities and keys issued, reviewed, and revoked? Which forwarding destinations are allowed? What evidence is logged? What does the application do when the bastion or tunnel is unavailable?
Troubleshoot by separating the path
“Connection refused” on the local port
- Check that the SSH process is still running and that the local port is not already occupied.
- Confirm
ExitOnForwardFailure=yesdid not terminate the session after a failed setup. - Verify that the client is using
127.0.0.1and the same local port specified in-L.
The tunnel opens but PostgreSQL times out
- Test whether the bastion can reach the target hostname and port from its own network.
- Check private firewall rules between the bastion and database.
- Confirm that the target hostname resolves from the bastion, not only from your workstation.
- Review SSH forwarding restrictions and destination-port policy.
Authentication fails after the tunnel works
- Verify the database name, user, password, and role privileges independently of SSH.
- Check that the client is not accidentally using a stale local PostgreSQL socket or a different port.
- Apply the database’s required TLS and certificate settings for the final connection.
Rails cannot connect while the operator can
- Test from the Rails runtime rather than from the operator workstation.
- Check the Rails secret value, private DNS name, database firewall source, and role permissions.
- Remember that a working operator tunnel says nothing about the application’s authorization path.
The bastion is unavailable
Do not respond by enabling public database access as an improvised workaround. Use the documented break-glass path, restore the bastion or provider endpoint, or perform the task from an approved private-network location. Record the outage and any temporary access change, then remove that change when service is restored.
Use a repeatable maintenance runbook
- Open an approved maintenance ticket describing the database, task, operator, and expected duration.
- Confirm the operator identity, bastion host key, allowed destination, and database role.
- Check that the Rails application is healthy before changing data or schema.
- Start the loopback-bound tunnel with
-N,-T, andExitOnForwardFailure=yes. - Connect with the least-privilege database account and capture the required audit information.
- Perform the task without copying production secrets into shell history, scripts, or source control.
- Close the tunnel, revoke or expire temporary access, and verify that the database is still private.
- Record the result and any failed connection attempts in the operational log.
Security checklist
- Public edge only; Rails and PostgreSQL use private addresses.
- Edge-to-app and app-to-database flows are explicitly allowed and all others are denied.
- Operator access uses a dedicated bastion or provider SSH endpoint.
- Individual identities and keys are reviewed, rotated, and removed when unused.
- Tunnel-only accounts have no interactive shell where the platform supports that restriction.
- Forwarding destinations and ports are constrained by SSH or provider policy.
- Local forwards bind to
127.0.0.1and use an intentionally selected high port. ExitOnForwardFailure=yesis enabled for administrative tunnels.- PostgreSQL credentials and Rails secrets remain in an approved secret store.
- The bastion-to-database leg has its own encryption or protected private-network guarantee.
- Application-path testing is performed separately from operator-tunnel testing.
- Temporary tunnels are closed and short-lived access is rotated or expired after use.
Bottom line
Secure the Rails application by making the database private, limiting runtime traffic to the two flows the application needs, and treating administration as a separate, auditable operation. A loopback-bound local SSH forward lets an operator reach a private PostgreSQL port without publishing it, while ExitOnForwardFailure=yes, narrow forwarding policy, individual keys, and prompt tunnel closure reduce accidental exposure. Always verify the encryption and authentication of the bastion-to-database leg; the SSH client-to-bastion tunnel alone does not protect that hop.
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