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Freedom251 › Blog › browser automation

How to Screenshot Multiple Pages of an Indian University Website in Bulk

By Freedom251 Team · · 6 min read

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For a repeatable batch, use Playwright: prepare an authorized list of page URLs, visit each page, and save a screenshot under a stable filename. Turn on full-page capture when you need content below the fold. Keep a manifest that maps every source URL to its image, and test a few different page types before running the full batch.

Plan the capture before you run it

Build an authorized URL list

Start with the pages you are permitted to capture, such as department, admissions, notice, or contact pages. Use the university’s navigation to find relevant pages. If the site has a sitemap, it can help discover URLs, but do not assume one exists or that it lists every page you need. Check the university site itself rather than relying on a discovery tool’s general capabilities.

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Choose viewport or full-page images

A regular screenshot shows the visible browser viewport. Full-page capture includes the page’s scrollable content and is useful when information below the fold matters. Playwright supports this with fullPage: true in JavaScript and full_page=True in Python. Playwright screenshot documentation

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Set up a traceable output

Use predictable filenames and a manifest so each image can be matched to its source. For example, use a short page label or an index plus a sanitized URL slug, and record the original URL, output filename, capture time, viewport, and result status. These are workflow practices you implement in your script; Playwright does not automatically create this manifest for you.

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Capture a URL list with Playwright

The JavaScript example below takes URLs from urls.txt, one per line, writes full-page PNGs to screenshots/, and records a CSV manifest. It also records navigation failures instead of silently treating the batch as complete. Install Playwright with npm install playwright and install its browser with npx playwright install chromium.

const fs = require('node:fs/promises');
const path = require('node:path');
const { chromium } = require('playwright');

const urls = (await fs.readFile('urls.txt', 'utf8'))
  .split(/r?n/)
  .map((line) => line.trim())
  .filter(Boolean);

const outputDir = 'screenshots';
await fs.mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true });

const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
const page = await browser.newPage({ viewport: { width: 1440, height: 1000 } });
const rows = [['url', 'file', 'captured_at', 'status', 'error']];

for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
  const url = urls[i];
  const file = `${String(i + 1).padStart(4, '0')}.png`;
  let status = 'ok';
  let error = '';

  try {
    const response = await page.goto(url, {
      waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
      timeout: 60000
    });
    if (!response || !response.ok()) {
      status = response ? `http_${response.status()}` : 'no_response';
    }
    await page.screenshot({
      path: path.join(outputDir, file),
      fullPage: true,
      type: 'png'
    });
  } catch (err) {
    status = 'error';
    error = String(err.message || err).replaceAll(',', ';');
  }

  rows.push([
    JSON.stringify(url),
    JSON.stringify(file),
    JSON.stringify(new Date().toISOString()),
    JSON.stringify(status),
    JSON.stringify(error)
  ]);
}

await browser.close();
await fs.writeFile('manifest.csv', rows.map((row) => row.join(',')).join('n') + 'n');

Create urls.txt with one complete URL per line, such as https://university.example/admissions. Replace the sample domain with the actual authorized pages. The script uses one browser page sequentially, which is simpler to audit and less likely to overload a site than launching many simultaneous visits. A screenshot can still be incomplete if a site renders important content only after scrolling or requires a login; inspect pilot captures and add site-specific handling if needed.

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Run a small pilot, then verify the batch

  1. Choose a few representative URLs: for example, a standard content page, a page with long scrolling content, and a page with interactive or delayed content.
  2. Run the script and open the images at their intended viewing size. Check that the expected university page loaded, text is legible, and below-the-fold content appears where required.
  3. Review manifest.csv for HTTP statuses, navigation errors, and output filenames. A saved image alone does not prove that the intended page loaded successfully.
  4. Check for redirects, duplicate URLs, login requirements, and pages whose content appears only after scrolling. Correct the URL list or add appropriate page-specific waits and interactions before scaling up.
  5. After the full run, reconcile the manifest against the input list and inspect failures rather than assuming every URL produced a valid capture.

Handle pages that need extra loading or interaction

The basic script waits for the document’s initial DOM to load, which avoids requiring every third-party resource to finish before proceeding. If a page’s key content appears later, wait for a selector that identifies that content or use a measured delay. If content loads as the reader scrolls, a full-page screenshot alone may not trigger all lazy-loaded elements on every site; test the page and, when necessary, scroll through it before capturing. Pages behind authentication may require an authorized browser session and should not be treated as publicly accessible.

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Or skip the browser setup

ScreenshotNeo offers a one-request screenshot API and an MCP server for AI agents. The call below saves a full-page WebP image for one URL; adapt the URL for each item in your list. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options.

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ScreenshotNeo accepts cookie and consent banners as a visitor and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits cost nothing, and responses include X-Page-Verdict and X-Billed headers. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for Claude, Cursor, and other MCP clients. The Free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots. All features are available on every plan. See ScreenshotNeo for details, or sign up free for 1,000 screenshots a month with no card.

Troubleshooting common batch problems

  • Navigation times out: The site may be slow or wait on third-party resources. The example waits for domcontentloaded; check the page manually and adjust the timeout or wait condition when appropriate.
  • The image shows an error or unexpected page: Check the manifest status, redirect destination, and URL for typos. A screenshot can be saved even when navigation returns an HTTP error.
  • Content is missing below the fold: Confirm full-page mode is enabled. If content is lazy-loaded while scrolling, scroll through the page before capture and test the result.
  • A page shows a login screen: Verify that you are authorized to access it and that the capture workflow uses an approved authenticated session.
  • Images are hard to identify later: Use deterministic filenames and retain the original URL alongside each output in the manifest; do not rely only on a filename derived from a possibly changing page title.
  • The batch is slow or burdens the site: The sample processes one URL at a time. Keep the load modest, particularly for a university site, and avoid adding concurrency without considering the site’s policies and capacity.
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Reliability, performance, and cost considerations

Browser automation gives you control over the browser context and output organization, but page-specific behavior can make a large run less predictable than the pilot. Sequential capture is easier to monitor and gentler on the destination site; parallel capture may reduce elapsed time but increases requests and operational complexity. No specific university site has been tested here, so login handling, lazy loading, redirects, and rendering behavior must be verified on the pages you intend to capture. The basic Playwright workflow requires a computer capable of running Node.js and a Playwright browser; it does not establish a need for any particular physical product.

Playwright is software, and this workflow has no per-screenshot service charge described here. Your practical costs are the machine and time needed to run, check, and retain the captures. If using a screenshot service instead, compare its pricing, output controls, and failure handling against your URL volume and requirements.

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