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There is no universal “conflict soil” treatment. The correct amendment, crop, remediation method, monitoring period and release-to-farming decision depend on the site’s history, soil, water, intended crop and national standards.
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Why conflict-damaged farmland needs a different restoration plan
War can reduce production through several separate pathways. Heavy vehicles and explosions compact or mix soil horizons, strip topsoil, create craters and alter drainage. Fires and stockpile damage can remove vegetation and organic matter. Flooding, wind erosion and abandoned fields can then accelerate physical degradation.
Conflict can also introduce hazards that an ordinary fertility test cannot detect. Munitions, fuel, industrial damage, burned infrastructure and damaged sewage or storage facilities may release metals, petroleum compounds or other pollutants into soil and water. The presence, concentration and movement of any contaminant must be established at the particular site; a nearby explosion does not prove that a field is contaminated, and an apparently normal field is not automatically safe.
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- Explosive hazards: mines, unexploded ordnance and explosive remnants can injure people, livestock and machinery operators.
- Chemical hazards: weapon residues, fuel, industrial chemicals, sewage and fire-related deposits may affect soil, crops or groundwater.
- Physical damage: compaction, cratering, burial of topsoil, erosion and altered drainage can restrict roots even when laboratory nutrient values look adequate.
- Livelihood damage: lost equipment, labor and markets can force shortened rotations or abandonment, which changes weed pressure, organic-matter inputs and water management.
UNEP’s Global Assessment of Soil Pollution (4 June 2021) links polluted soil with risks to health, food security and ecosystem functions. That framing matters here: “fertility” means more than adding nutrients. A productive field must also be physically workable, chemically suitable for its crop and safe for people, animals, water and food.
Phase 1: establish safe access before anyone works the field
Keep people and machinery out when explosive remnants are possible
If fighting, bombardment, mine use or abandoned military positions occurred in or near the field, treat explosive remnants as a live possibility until competent mine-action personnel assess the area. Do not ask farmers to probe, dig up, move, burn or dismantle a suspected item. Do not drive a tractor across an uncleared parcel to “see what is there.” Marking and reporting should follow the local mine-action authority’s instructions, from a safe location.
The authority having jurisdiction may use non-technical survey, technical survey, mapping, detection and clearance methods, followed by formal quality assurance and release procedures. The exact terminology and paperwork differ by country, but the operational principle is constant: agricultural access follows an appropriate survey and clearance decision, not an informal visual inspection.
Use a documented land-status record
Before a soil team enters, record the parcel boundary, owner or user, access routes, known strike locations, dates of fighting, visible craters, flooded areas and any reports of suspicious objects. Keep the mine-action status separate from the agronomic file. A signed clearance or release record answers whether people may enter; it does not answer whether crops are safe to grow.
What the Ukraine example shows
In a 22 June 2023 release, FAO and WFP described a Ukraine program that identified and mapped agricultural land, cleared mines and explosive remnants, and only then moved to soil testing for pollutants. Denise Brown, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Ukraine, called making land safe and free of explosive remnants the first step toward rebuilding resilient rural communities. That sequence is an example of sound risk ordering, not a claim that every country uses identical procedures.
Phase 2: investigate contamination and physical damage
Separate clearance from environmental assessment
Mine clearance establishes that authorized people can work in the area. It does not certify soil, crops or irrigation water. Suspected pollutants require a fit-for-purpose environmental assessment, sampling plan and laboratory analysis. UNEP’s environmental-emergency guidance describes assessing environmental risks and sampling soil and water to determine appropriate follow-up. FAO soil-pollution guidance emphasizes establishing background levels, testing potentially contaminated soil and monitoring it over time.
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Contact the environmental regulator, agricultural extension service and a qualified soil laboratory before collecting samples. They can identify applicable national limits, chain-of-custody requirements, sample depths, preservation methods and laboratory accreditation. If a site may affect drinking water, grazing animals, homes or a wetland, include those exposure pathways in the assessment rather than testing only the plough layer.
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Uniform grid sampling may be useful for a broad field, while targeted samples are more informative around craters, burn areas, vehicle parks, ammunition storage, drainage channels, workshops, fuel tanks and down-gradient boundaries. A professional should decide the number, depth and locations of samples, include quality-control samples where required and document coordinates and field observations. Sampling from one convenient spot cannot clear an entire heterogeneous parcel.
Test the right media and analytes
The laboratory panel should reflect plausible sources and the intended use. Soil may need analysis for pH, texture, organic matter and nutrients for agronomy, plus metals, petroleum compounds or other chemicals identified by the site history. Irrigation water may require separate testing for salinity, acidity, metals, petroleum or microbiological hazards. Sediment, produce, forage or groundwater can matter when exposure pathways warrant them. A consumer pH-and-nutrient kit is a screening aid, not a contamination clearance.
Map physical damage while sampling
Record compaction, rutting, crusting, erosion scars, buried topsoil, rubble, altered slope and standing water. Penetrometer readings, bulk-density measurements, infiltration observations and horizon descriptions can help an agronomist distinguish physical limits from nutrient problems. Do not interpret a low yield as proof of contamination: compaction, drought, waterlogging, seed quality and missing inputs can produce similar symptoms.
Phase 3: diagnose ordinary fertility after safe entry is confirmed
Define the production objective
Testing is meaningful only when tied to a proposed use. A field intended for wheat, vegetables, pasture, orchards or non-food cover may have different acceptable conditions and management priorities. State the crop, expected rotation, irrigation source, harvest use and whether livestock or people will contact the site. If the crop or market is not yet known, use a baseline assessment and postpone input prescriptions.
Use laboratory soil analysis for agronomic decisions
At minimum, an agronomic assessment commonly considers pH, texture, organic matter, plant-available nutrients, salinity or sodicity where relevant, and physical indicators such as compaction and infiltration. Local extension specialists should interpret the results using regional crop recommendations. Results from a home kit can flag an apparent pH or nutrient issue, but they are not a substitute for professional sampling, laboratory quality control or contaminant testing.
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Establish background and comparison values
Where contamination is suspected, compare results with appropriate local background levels and regulatory criteria rather than relying on a generic internet threshold. Background can vary with parent material and land use. A concentration that is natural in one region may be elevated in another, and a legal limit may depend on crop, soil use or exposure route. The laboratory and regulator should explain which benchmark applies.
Phase 4: match restoration measures to the diagnosed constraint
FAO describes land restoration as a continuum: prevent further degradation, rehabilitate degraded land and, where necessary, undertake more intensive restoration. Its framework adapts action to severity and to ecological and social context. The table below shows how to think about choices without turning them into universal prescriptions.
| Constraint or hazard | Evidence needed before action | Possible response categories | Who should lead |
|---|---|---|---|
| Explosive remnants | Mine-action survey, clearance and formal release documentation | Exclusion, marking, survey, clearance and quality assurance; no farmer-led removal | Accredited mine-action organizations and the national authority |
| Suspected chemical contamination | Site history, professional sampling, laboratory analysis and applicable standards | Source control, restricted use, removal or containment, soil or water treatment, crop restrictions and monitoring as prescribed | Environmental regulator, qualified consultants and accredited laboratories |
| Compaction or severe rutting | Field inspection, bulk density, penetration resistance, infiltration and moisture observations | Controlled traffic, reduced passes, appropriately timed tillage or deep loosening where justified, organic-matter building and vegetation cover | Soil and machinery specialists with local agronomic advice |
| Erosion or loss of topsoil | Slope, runoff pathways, soil-depth and erosion mapping | Ground cover, contour or water-control measures, residue retention, wind protection and land-use adjustment | Conservation and watershed planners with farmers |
| Low organic matter | Laboratory organic-carbon or organic-matter result and management history | Locally available compost or manure that meets safety requirements, residues, cover crops, diversified rotations and reduced disturbance | Extension agronomist and producer, with input-quality checks |
| pH, nutrient or salinity constraint | Laboratory soil and irrigation-water results interpreted for the intended crop | Targeted amendment, fertilizer, gypsum, leaching or crop choice only at locally recommended rates and timing | Qualified agronomist or extension service |
Rebuild soil cover and organic inputs
Once a field is cleared and contamination risks are understood, living cover and carefully managed residues can reduce erosion, feed soil organisms and improve aggregation. Cover crops, crop residues, compost or manure may be useful, but the material must be appropriate for the site. Compost made from contaminated feedstock can spread pollutants; manure can add salts, nutrients or pathogens. Ask the extension service or laboratory how to verify input quality before applying it.
Address compaction without automatic deep tillage
Deep ripping or intensive tillage can be expensive, consume scarce fuel and bring buried material to the surface. It may also worsen erosion if soil is left bare. Use field measurements, moisture conditions, rooting depth and equipment traffic history to decide whether loosening is justified. Controlled traffic, fewer passes and work at suitable moisture can prevent re-compaction. If rubble, unexploded items or contaminated layers may be present, mechanical disturbance requires explicit clearance and environmental approval.
Control erosion and restore water movement
Repairing a field without its drainage and upslope context can fail. Map where water enters, ponds and exits; stabilize exposed channels; maintain safe vegetative cover; and use contour, strip or wind-protection measures suited to local slopes and climate. Infiltration improvements should not send polluted runoff toward wells, homes or waterways. Watershed planners can coordinate field measures with downstream protection.
Correct pH and nutrient shortages only from test results
Lime, sulfur, fertilizers and mineral amendments are not interchangeable. The correct material and rate depend on pH, buffering capacity, nutrient form, soil texture, crop demand, water quality and local regulations. Apply only recommendations tied to laboratory results and a named crop. Excess fertilizer can worsen salinity, contaminate water and waste scarce funds; lime cannot neutralize every pollutant, and fertilizer cannot make contaminated produce safe.
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Integrate land, water and production planning
FAO’s agricultural-land guidance published in 2026 emphasizes integrated land-use planning, sustainable land and water management, resilient and diversified production systems and enabling governance. For a damaged farm, that means deciding not just how to treat one plot, but how fields, grazing, forests, drainage, wells, roads and settlements interact.
Use diversification to manage uncertainty
After testing, a producer may choose a gradual return: non-food cover first, then a less sensitive crop, then the intended food crop if monitoring supports it. Such staging must follow local regulators and buyers; it is not a substitute for a contamination decision. Diversified rotations can spread weather and market risk while rebuilding cover, but every crop still needs to meet food-safety requirements.
Protect water sources
Sample irrigation water when conflict damaged wells, pipelines, treatment plants, storage tanks or industrial sites. Keep clean and suspect water sources clearly separated. Prevent sediment and field runoff from entering drinking-water points. If a laboratory finds a concern, stop using the affected source until the responsible authority specifies treatment or an alternative supply.
Plan for equipment and labor limits
Restoration should fit the machinery, fuel, labor and credit actually available. A technically effective practice that requires unavailable equipment may leave soil bare and vulnerable. Extension services, producer groups and local authorities can sequence smaller, low-disturbance actions while larger earthworks or remediation are funded and approved.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Monitoring and deciding when production can expand
Set a baseline and repeat measurements
Keep the initial laboratory reports, sample coordinates, photographs, crop history and weather notes. Repeat the relevant soil and water tests at intervals set by the regulator or technical team, especially where contamination, major earth movement or changing groundwater is suspected. Monitor the indicators that drove the decision: contaminant concentrations, pH, salinity, organic matter, compaction, infiltration, erosion and crop or plant-tissue results where appropriate.
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Use action thresholds from the responsible authority
There is no globally valid waiting period or single “safe to farm” number. Release criteria can differ by country, land use, contaminant, crop and exposure route. A mine-action release does not equal food-safety approval, and a good nutrient test does not override a contaminant exceedance. Obtain written guidance on permitted crops, grazing, irrigation and worker precautions.
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Document changes and unexpected results
Record amendment type and rate, dates, tillage, flooding, crop symptoms and test results. If concentrations rise, water changes, unexplained symptoms appear or new debris is found, stop the relevant activity and notify the technical authority. Do not dilute a suspected hotspot by mixing soil or move it to another field.
Who should make the decision?
- Mine-action authority: determines survey, clearance, marking and release from explosive hazards.
- Environmental regulator: sets contamination assessment, cleanup, land-use and discharge requirements.
- Accredited laboratory: provides validated analysis, quality control and detection limits suited to the question.
- Agricultural extension or soil scientist: interprets fertility, physical constraints, crop choice and amendment needs.
- Water and public-health officials: address wells, irrigation, livestock, food safety and human exposure.
- Farmers and local communities: supply land history, observe changes and decide whether recommended practices fit their resources and livelihoods.
No single contractor can replace all of these roles. Ask who is legally authorized to sign a clearance, approve remediation and release food production in your jurisdiction.
What the Ukraine figures do—and do not—tell us
FAO and WFP reported that Ukraine’s grain and oilseed production decreased by 37 percent in 2022, according to the Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment published in February 2023. They also reported that almost 90 percent of surveyed small-scale crop producers experienced a war-related revenue decrease and that one in four had stopped or significantly reduced agricultural activity. These figures describe agricultural and livelihood impacts in that survey and context; they are not measurements showing a 37 percent loss of soil fertility.
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A field-ready sequence
- Pause entry: Assume explosive hazards are possible when conflict history warrants it, and report concerns through the local mine-action channel.
- Obtain land release: Keep people, livestock and machinery out until competent authorities complete the required survey and clearance process.
- Compile the site history: Map boundaries, strikes, burning, industrial activity, flooding, drainage and former land uses.
- Commission environmental sampling: Have qualified professionals design soil and water sampling and use an appropriate laboratory.
- Complete the agronomic baseline: Test fertility and physical condition for the intended crop, with local interpretation.
- Rank constraints: Separate hazards requiring exclusion or remediation from constraints manageable through ordinary soil and water practices.
- Approve a site-specific plan: Specify materials, rates, equipment, worker protections, crop restrictions, responsible parties and monitoring.
- Start with low-risk work: Maintain cover, control erosion and avoid traffic or disturbance that could spread a pollutant or recreate compaction.
- Monitor and document: Repeat required tests and record field operations, weather, yields and unexpected observations.
- Expand production only with authorization: Follow written land-use, irrigation, grazing and food-safety decisions from the responsible authorities.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Confusing a mine-clearance certificate with a soil-contamination certificate.
- Using a home nutrient kit as proof that a field is safe.
- Applying lime, fertilizer, compost or manure before results identify the constraint and the crop.
- Deep-ploughing a suspected hotspot or moving contaminated soil without an approved plan.
- Sampling only one easy-to-reach point in a field with craters, burn areas or drainage gradients.
- Assuming a neighboring field’s test result, crop or legal threshold applies to this parcel.
- Starting food production before water, soil and crop-use restrictions are documented.
- Publishing a universal cleanup timetable when the country, contaminant and standard are unknown.
Bottom line for a real site
Restore conflict-damaged farmland in the order of risk: safe access, environmental assessment, fertility diagnosis, targeted restoration and monitored production. The right response may combine mine action, pollution control, erosion management, organic-matter rebuilding, water protection and carefully chosen inputs. Because the title alone cannot establish the hazard or soil condition, the local mine-action authority, environmental regulator, agricultural extension service and qualified laboratory must decide what is safe and appropriate for the specific land.
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