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Start with the bank’s latest annual and interim reports, then test its asset quality, capital, liquidity, funding costs, earnings and valuation across several reporting periods. Check the exact share class and exchange before comparing prices or returns: an A-share and an H-share are different securities, and the right comparison depends on the investor’s market access and currency. The method below helps you assess evidence; it does not determine whether any particular bank stock is a buy.
Identify the security before assessing the bank
Record the issuer’s legal name, ticker, exchange, share class and trading currency. Also note which market you can access and the period covered by each filing. A bank may have more than one listed share class; do not assume their prices, currencies, access conditions or valuation context are interchangeable.
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Keep the security’s price data aligned with the financial information you use. A valuation calculated from one share class or a different reporting period may not be comparable with another figure.
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Begin with the issuer’s latest annual report and latest interim report. Add subsequent quarterly reports and material announcements from the issuer and the relevant exchange or regulator. Check each document’s publication date, reporting period and definitions, and compare like periods with like periods.
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CSRC Compilation Rules No. 26 for listed commercial banks provide a useful checklist for what to look for. They specify disclosure of multi-year figures such as assets, liabilities, deposits, loans, interbank borrowings, capital, risk-weighted assets and loan-loss reserves. The rules also enumerate bank indicators including non-performing loans (NPLs), provisioning coverage, capital adequacy, liquidity, cost-income ratio, loan concentrations and loan migration.
For example, Bank of China’s investor-relations archive catalogs annual, interim and quarterly reports with dates. It is an example of a filing archive, not a recommendation or endorsement of that bank.
Test asset quality, not just the headline NPL ratio
Review the amount and direction of credit problems, then look for signs of deterioration that may not yet appear in the NPL figure. Use multiple periods and read the bank’s explanations of classification, restructuring, recoveries and write-offs.
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- NPL balance and ratio: Compare both over time. A ratio alone can obscure changes in the amount of troubled lending or the effect of loan growth.
- Loan migration and restructured loans: These disclosures can show movement toward weaker classifications or loans whose terms have changed.
- Concentration: Examine industry, geographic and major-borrower exposures. A bank’s overall NPL ratio does not show whether its lending is concentrated in a particular sector or region.
- Provisioning: Compare provisions and provisioning coverage with NPLs and the loan book. Interpret coverage alongside loan mix, write-offs and classification policies.
- Collateral and recoveries: Review what the bank reports about collateral, recovered assets and credit-risk management.
A low reported NPL ratio is not, by itself, proof of low credit risk. Its meaning depends on classification and timing, loan growth, restructurings, write-offs and borrower concentration. These measures help frame questions about a bank; they do not establish the current quality of any unnamed issuer’s loan book.
Assess capital and liquidity as separate safeguards
Capital: capacity to absorb losses
Review capital adequacy and capital composition alongside the bank’s risk-weighted assets and their trend. Read disclosures about capital issuance, distributions and stated capital objectives. A single capital ratio cannot answer every question about the composition or trajectory of capital.
Liquidity: ability to meet funding needs
Look at the bank’s reported liquidity measures, the maturity and funding structure of assets and liabilities, and its explanation of liquidity management. CSRC rules call for liquidity indicators and discussion of maturity and structural matching, liquidity drivers and management strategy. Liquidity is not the same question as capital: one concerns funding and cash-flow resilience, the other the capacity to absorb losses.
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Work out how the bank earns money
Examine interest income and expense, net interest margin, average loan yields, deposit mix and deposit costs. Then assess fee income, operating expenses and credit-loss charges. CSRC rules call for average balances and rates for loan and deposit categories, cost-income ratio, and information about businesses such as wealth management, agency and custody.
Check how interest-rate changes could affect both what the bank earns on assets and what it pays for funding. Read management’s rate-sensitivity discussion and market-risk disclosures where available; the CSRC rules call for discussion of sensitivity to interest rates, exchange rates, stock prices and other prices. Do not infer the effect of rates from loan yields alone.
Compare valuation and dividends with context
Use common valuation measures as prompts for further analysis, not as standalone buy signals. CSRC investor guidance identifies price-to-earnings (P/E), price-to-book (P/B) and dividend yield as useful reference indicators, while advising investors to consider fundamentals, market conditions and prospects as well.
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- P/E: Relates the share price to earnings. Ask whether the earnings used are representative and how they compare with the bank’s own history and relevant peers.
- P/B: Relates the share price to book value. Consider the quality and trend of the book value, not only the multiple.
- Dividend yield: Relates dividends to the share price. A high yield can result from a falling share price or expectations of a lower dividend; it does not establish that a payout is sustainable.
Compare a dividend with earnings, capital needs, regulatory constraints, payout history and the bank’s stated policy. Dividend income is only one part of shareholder return, as the CSRC guidance notes. Use peers with aligned reporting periods and definitions, and compare a bank with its own history as well as with other issuers.
Use sector figures as background, not as a proxy for an issuer
NFRA’s end-2026 Q2 banking-sector statistics report a commercial-bank NPL ratio of 1.52%, capital adequacy ratio of 15.26%, liquidity coverage ratio of 148.53% and net stable funding ratio of 128.13%. These are NFRA-reported sector aggregates for 2026 Q2, not figures for every bank or a substitute for issuer-level filings. Check the regulator’s release and definitions before comparing an individual bank with an aggregate.
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|---|---|---|
| Commercial-bank NPL ratio | 1.52% | Sector context only; assess the target bank’s own NPL balance, ratio and loan disclosures. |
| Commercial-bank capital adequacy ratio | 15.26% | Sector context only; review the issuer’s capital and risk-weighted assets. |
| Commercial-bank liquidity coverage ratio | 148.53% | Sector context only; check the issuer’s liquidity measures and funding structure. |
| Commercial-bank net stable funding ratio | 128.13% | Sector context only; assess the issuer’s own funding and maturity disclosures. |
Compare banks on the same evidence
If you are comparing multiple issuers, align reporting periods and definitions first. Then use the same set of questions for each bank rather than selecting whichever ratio makes one look strongest.
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- How do credit quality, loan migration and industry or geographic concentrations compare?
- How do provisioning and other disclosed loss-absorption measures compare?
- What do capital composition, capital trends and liquidity disclosures show?
- How do deposit mix and costs, lending yields and interest-rate sensitivity differ?
- How do earnings mix, operating efficiency and profitability compare?
- How do P/E, P/B and dividend yield compare with relevant peers and each issuer’s history?
- What do payout history, capital needs and stated policy indicate about dividend sustainability?
- Are the share class, currency, exchange and market access relevant to your circumstances?
Turn the review into a decision record
Before making an investment decision, write down the evidence for and against the bank in the same categories you used to compare it. Record the filing dates and periods, definitions that affect comparisons, and any material question the disclosures do not resolve. This makes it easier to distinguish an attractive-looking valuation from an investment case supported by credit quality, funding, capital and earnings evidence.
This is a general research process, not a recommendation to buy or sell a specific security. A bank-specific assessment and the rules governing access to a share class depend on the issuer, market and investor’s jurisdiction.
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