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Freedom251 › Blog › CFTC

How to Report Suspected Investment Fraud to U.S. Regulators

By Freedom251 Team · · 10 min read

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If you suspect an investment scam, report a possible federal securities-law violation through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Tips, Complaints & Referrals (TCR) portal. Use the SEC Office of Investor Education and Assistance (OIEA) complaint form instead when the immediate problem is an investment account, broker, adviser, brokerage firm, or other financial professional. Depending on what happened, you may also need the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), a state securities regulator, or local law enforcement.

Stop communicating with the suspected fraudster and do not send additional money while you preserve records and file reports. A report gives agencies information; it does not guarantee an investigation, prosecution, compensation, or recovery of your funds.

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Choose the reporting route by what happened

No single agency handles every investment scam. Select the primary route by the product involved, the conduct you suspect, and what you need the report to accomplish. You can make more than one report when the facts overlap, but each agency uses its own jurisdiction and process.

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Situation Primary route What that route is for
Fraudulent or unregistered securities offering, Ponzi scheme, theft or misappropriation of funds or securities, insider trading, market manipulation, or misleading company statements SEC Tips, Complaints & Referrals (TCR) Information about possible federal securities-law violations; the SEC accepts tips from whistleblowers and non-whistleblowers.
Problem with an investment account, investment, broker, brokerage firm, investment adviser, or other financial professional SEC Office of Investor Education and Assistance (OIEA) complaint form Investor assistance and complaints. OIEA may forward a complaint to a firm if you consent.
General consumer investment scam or other consumer fraud Federal Trade Commission at ReportFraud.ftc.gov Consumer-fraud reporting and information for federal enforcement and trend analysis.
Personal information misused in connection with the scam IdentityTheft.gov Identity-theft reporting and recovery guidance.
Precious-metals, commodities, futures, options, swaps, or other derivatives fraud Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Commodity and derivatives complaints, tips, and whistleblower channels.
Online business or investment fraud FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) at IC3.gov Criminal reporting for internet-enabled fraud.
Suspicious securities offer or financial professional operating in a state Your state securities regulator, using the directory route provided by the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) State licensing, registration, and enforcement matters.
Immediate local danger, suspected crime, or a need for a police report Local police or sheriff; your state attorney general may also be appropriate Local or state criminal and consumer-protection response.

These channels are complementary, not interchangeable. A consumer report to the FTC is not the same as an SEC enforcement tip, and an SEC complaint about account service is not the same as a TCR submission alleging securities-law wrongdoing.

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When to use the SEC TCR portal

Use the SEC’s TCR portal when the facts suggest a violation of federal securities laws. Examples include a company selling investments without required registration, a Ponzi or other investment fraud, someone taking or misusing investor money or securities, insider trading, market manipulation, or materially misleading statements by a company.

Who can submit

The SEC encourages both whistleblowers and people who are not seeking whistleblower status to submit relevant information. You do not need to be an employee or insider to report suspected misconduct.

What to include

  • The name of the person, company, website, app, fund, or offering involved.
  • What was promised, what you paid or transferred, and what you received, if anything.
  • Dates, amounts, account or wallet details, payment method, and the names or contact information used.
  • How you learned about the opportunity and why you believe the conduct may violate securities laws.
  • Names of other affected people or witnesses, if you can provide them lawfully.
  • Copies of messages, contracts, statements, promotional material, transaction records, and screenshots. Keep originals.

After submitting

An online TCR submission produces a confirmation and submission number. Save both in a secure place. Use the number if you later communicate with the SEC about the same submission. The number identifies your report; it is not a promise that the SEC will open an investigation or provide a status update.

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When the SEC OIEA complaint form is the better choice

Use OIEA when your immediate problem concerns an investment account, investment, broker, brokerage firm, investment adviser, or another financial professional. This route is designed for investor assistance and complaints rather than serving as the primary intake for every suspected federal securities-law violation.

What OIEA can and cannot do

With your consent, OIEA may forward a complaint to the firm involved. The SEC says it cannot act as your attorney or personal representative. Filing a complaint does not create an attorney-client relationship, guarantee a refund, or require the agency to pursue an individual claim.

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If the facts also indicate securities-law wrongdoing—such as an unregistered offering, theft of investor funds, market manipulation, or a Ponzi scheme—submit a separate TCR tip. Describe the account-service problem in OIEA and the suspected legal violation in TCR rather than assuming one form serves both purposes.

Prepare copies and keep the file reference

Follow OIEA’s instructions about supporting documents. Send copies rather than irreplaceable originals, and keep the assigned complaint or file number. OIEA may not provide status updates when a matter is referred for a confidential enforcement investigation.

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When another federal agency should receive a report

FTC: general investment and consumer scams

Report a general investment scam or related consumer fraud at ReportFraud.ftc.gov. This is especially useful when the conduct is deceptive but the product or transaction does not clearly fit the SEC’s securities-law jurisdiction. If the scammer obtained or misused your personal information, make a separate report at IdentityTheft.gov and follow its recovery steps.

CFTC: commodities, precious metals, and derivatives

Use the CFTC’s complaint or tip channels for fraud involving commodities, precious metals, futures, options, swaps, or other derivatives. The CFTC provides both complaint and whistleblower routes; they have different purposes, so read the agency’s instructions before choosing one. A scheme can involve both securities and commodities, in which case separate reports may be appropriate.

FBI IC3: online investment or business fraud

For an online investment or business-fraud scheme, file a report with the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center at IC3.gov. Include the digital trail—domains, usernames, email addresses, phone numbers, payment instructions, wallet addresses, transaction IDs, and the platform where contact began.

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State securities regulator

Contact the regulator for the state connected to the offer, the professional, or your residence. NASAA provides a directory route to state securities regulators. State regulators can address state registration, licensing, and securities-law issues that may not be handled solely through a federal report.

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State attorney general and local police

Consumer-protection or criminal aspects may warrant a report to your state attorney general and local police or sheriff. A police report can be useful when a bank, payment provider, insurer, or identity-theft service asks for a law-enforcement reference, but it does not replace the SEC, FTC, CFTC, IC3, or state securities filing that matches the transaction.

What to do immediately after realizing an investment was a scam

  1. Stop contact. Do not negotiate, threaten, argue, or click additional links sent by the suspected fraudster.
  2. Send no more money. Ignore demands for taxes, release fees, verification deposits, withdrawal charges, or payments to a supposed recovery service. A request for another payment is a common way to extend the loss.
  3. Contact the payment provider through a trusted channel. Use the telephone number on your bank card, statement, or the provider’s official website—not a number supplied by the scammer. Ask whether a transfer, card payment, wire, check, or cryptocurrency transaction can be stopped, recalled, or flagged as fraud. Do not assume a reversal is possible.
  4. Secure accounts. Change reused passwords, enable multifactor authentication, review account logins and connected devices, and contact your bank or broker if credentials or account access were exposed.
  5. Preserve evidence. Export messages and emails, save statements and receipts, record dates and amounts, and capture webpages or profiles before they disappear. Keep originals and submit copies when an agency asks for documents.
  6. Report identity misuse. If personal information was stolen or used, file at IdentityTheft.gov and follow the recommended account, credit, and identity-protection steps.
  7. File the agency reports. Use the route that matches the product and conduct, then save every confirmation, submission number, and complaint file reference.

Build an evidence packet before you submit

Agencies can evaluate a report more efficiently when the facts are chronological and specific. Create one folder containing a short timeline and clearly labeled copies.

Timeline

  • First contact and every important conversation date.
  • Promises about returns, guarantees, withdrawals, or urgency.
  • Each deposit, wire, card payment, check, cryptocurrency transfer, or requested fee.
  • Dates you attempted to withdraw funds and the responses you received.
  • When you realized the opportunity might be fraudulent and what you did afterward.

Transaction and identity details

  • Names used by the people or entities, job titles, phone numbers, email addresses, social accounts, and websites.
  • Bank names, routing or account information shown on payment instructions, wallet addresses, transaction hashes, and confirmation numbers.
  • Account statements, invoices, contracts, offering documents, screenshots, and recorded advertisements.
  • Names of other investors or witnesses, provided only when you may lawfully share them.

Write facts separately from conclusions. For example, state that the promoter said a withdrawal required a $5,000 “tax” on a particular date, then explain why that request led you to suspect fraud. Do not alter screenshots or edit original files; provide a readable copy and retain the source.

How to file without being misled again

Reach each agency through a trusted official website or phone number that you locate independently. Scammers sometimes impersonate regulators, law-enforcement officers, banks, or “recovery” companies after learning that a victim reported a loss. A real report does not require you to pay an agency to recover money.

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Check the destination before uploading documents

  • Type the agency’s official address yourself or use a bookmark you created from the agency’s verified site.
  • Check the domain carefully before entering personal, banking, or tax information.
  • Do not forward your full identity documents to an unsolicited “investigator” who contacts you after the loss.
  • Keep a record of what you submitted, when, and to which agency.
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What reporting can—and cannot—do

Reports help agencies identify patterns, connect victims, and decide whether to pursue regulatory or criminal action. They do not guarantee that an investigation will begin, that anyone will be prosecuted, or that your money will be returned. An agency may combine your information with other complaints without contacting you individually.

OIEA may not provide updates when a complaint is referred for a confidential enforcement investigation. Keep your submission numbers and file references, respond if an agency requests clarification, and update the agency if you discover material new evidence. Do not send duplicate forms merely to increase visibility; make an additional filing when a different agency has a distinct jurisdiction or when you have genuinely new information.

Special instruction for the SEC Retail Fraud Working Group

If your information is intended for the SEC Retail Fraud Working Group, include the exact phrase “To the Attention of the Retail Fraud Working Group.” The SEC’s current page carrying this instruction is dated September 18, 2026. Including the phrase helps route the tip; it does not change the ordinary warning that a submission is not a guarantee of an investigation or recovery.

Common mistakes that reduce the usefulness of a report

Choosing a channel by the scammer’s job title

A person may call themselves a broker, adviser, fund manager, trader, or recovery specialist. Select the route by the product and conduct shown in the evidence, not by the title they claimed.

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Sending only a narrative with no transaction facts

Explain the story, but add dates, amounts, payment paths, names, account identifiers, and copies of records. Agencies need the details that allow them to connect your report to a person, entity, transaction, or pattern.

Sending originals

Keep original documents, devices, and files. Submit copies or exports as requested so you can preserve the evidence and provide it to another agency if needed.

Assuming one complaint covers every issue

An SEC TCR tip, an OIEA account complaint, an FTC consumer report, an IC3 criminal report, and a state securities complaint have different purposes. File the relevant additional reports when the facts cross jurisdictions.

Paying a second company to recover the first loss

Do not pay a supposed regulator, lawyer, investigator, or recovery service merely because it promises access to frozen funds. Verify any professional independently and do not share credentials or send an advance payment to an unsolicited contact.

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A practical reporting sequence

  1. Stop communication and stop payment if possible.
  2. Secure your bank, brokerage, email, and other exposed accounts.
  3. Collect a timeline, transaction records, messages, identities, and digital evidence.
  4. Submit an SEC TCR tip for suspected federal securities-law violations.
  5. Submit an OIEA complaint for an investment-account or financial-professional service problem.
  6. Add FTC, IdentityTheft.gov, CFTC, IC3, state securities, state attorney general, or local police reports according to the product and conduct.
  7. Save every confirmation, submission number, and file reference; respond only through independently verified agency channels.

Agency portals and instructions can change. Before filing, verify the current form and submission requirements on the official agency site. SEC TCR guidance was reviewed November 18, 2024; the SEC’s general TCR resource page was updated June 30, 2025; its possible-violations page was updated September 2, 2025; and CFPB scam-contact guidance was updated August 28, 2026.

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