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Start with the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) Report a Cyber Incident/Cyber Incident Signposting Service. It is the UK’s practical cyber-reporting entry point, is monitored 24/7, and its form takes about 15 minutes. It does not replace notifications required by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), NIS rules, a sector regulator, your insurer or the police. If personal data may have been breached, assess the UK GDPR 72-hour rule immediately while you preserve evidence and contain the incident.
Which UK reporting route applies?
An AI incident can create several reporting duties at once. Choose the route by what happened, not by the fact that the affected technology uses artificial intelligence. A prompt-injection attack that exposes customer records may require both NCSC reporting and an ICO assessment. A compromised AI service used in an essential service may also fall under NIS or sector rules. Suspected criminal activity should be reported separately.
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| Route | Use it when | Timing | What it does | Information to prepare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCSC Report a Cyber Incident/Cyber Incident Signposting Service | A cyber incident, vulnerability or suspected compromise needs UK technical coordination or intelligence sharing. | As soon as practicable; the service does not substitute for statutory deadlines. | Provides the UK cyber-reporting entry point, signposting and potential technical support. | What happened, when, affected systems, containment, indicators and a safe contact route. |
| ICO | Personal data was exposed, lost, altered or accessed unlawfully and the breach is likely to risk individuals’ rights and freedoms. | Without undue delay and, where applicable, within 72 hours of awareness under UK GDPR. | Fulfils a data-protection notification duty; it is not a substitute for incident-response assistance. | Nature of the breach, categories and approximate numbers of people and records, likely consequences and mitigation. |
| NIS competent authority | Your organisation is a relevant digital service provider or operator of an essential service and the incident meets the applicable impact threshold. | Use the deadline set by the applicable NIS and sector regime. | Fulfils a regulatory duty for qualifying service-impact incidents. | Time, duration, nature, impact and cross-border effects, plus the information required by the competent authority. |
| Sector regulator | Your regulated activity has an incident-reporting rule, including rules for essential services. | Follow that regulator’s specified deadline. | Meets sector-specific supervision and resilience obligations. | Use the regulator’s required form and service-impact details. |
| Report Fraud or Police Scotland | The incident may involve criminal conduct. Organisations in Scotland should use Police Scotland. | Report promptly; preserve evidence before making destructive changes. | Creates a criminal report and supports law-enforcement investigation. | Suspect details, chronology, financial or operational loss, communications and preserved evidence. |
| Insurer and contractual contacts | Your policy, customer contract, supplier agreement or financing terms require notification. | Use the shortest contractual or policy deadline. | Preserves coverage, assistance and contractual compliance. | Follow the policy or contract wording and approved notification channel. |
The organisation remains responsible for notifying every route that applies. Submitting to the NCSC alone does not satisfy an ICO, NIS, sector, police, insurance or contractual obligation.
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Use the same incident-management discipline as for other systems, while adding evidence about model behaviour, data and automated actions. Examples include:
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- Prompt injection: crafted instructions manipulate a model into disclosing information, bypassing controls or taking an unsafe action.
- Data poisoning: malicious or corrupted training, fine-tuning or retrieval data changes model behaviour.
- Model or dataset theft: an attacker copies model weights, prompts, proprietary datasets or configuration.
- Unauthorised API or tool use: stolen credentials or a model exploit invoke services, send messages, alter records or spend money.
- Harmful autonomous action: an agent performs an unsafe business or operational task without the expected human approval.
- Compromised retrieval sources: an attacker alters documents, indexes or feeds that the model treats as trusted context.
- Connected-system compromise: the AI application becomes a route into identity, cloud, endpoint, customer or operational systems.
A wrong or biased output is not automatically a cyber incident. It becomes a cyber-security matter when unauthorised access, manipulation, loss of confidentiality, integrity or availability, or an unsafe system action is involved. Record the facts first; do not label an event “only a model error” before checking its inputs, permissions and connections.
What to do in the first hour
1. Activate the incident plan
Name an incident lead, technical lead, legal or privacy contact and communications owner. Open a coordination channel that is not dependent on the suspected system. If corporate email, identity or collaboration tools may be compromised, use pre-arranged out-of-band contacts and a clean device.
2. Contain without destroying evidence
Stop the specific malicious action where safe: revoke exposed tokens, disable a compromised tool integration, quarantine affected hosts or pause an unsafe agent. Avoid wiping machines, deleting prompts or resetting logs before collecting them. Record who authorised each containment action, the exact time, the system affected and the expected side effect.
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3. Establish scope
Determine whether the incident involves personal data, a regulated digital service, an essential service, customers, suppliers, cross-border processing or a criminal act. Identify the first known time, the time of detection, systems and accounts involved, and whether the attacker still has access. Treat scope as provisional and update it as evidence arrives.
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4. Preserve a decision log
Keep a dated, access-controlled log of observations, hypotheses, decisions, notifications, people consulted and facts still unknown. A clear record helps demonstrate why a notification was or was not made and lets responders send accurate updates instead of rewriting the timeline from memory.
How to submit the NCSC report
The NCSC Report a Cyber Incident/Cyber Incident Signposting Service is the practical UK starting point for a cyber incident involving an AI system. Its form has six sections, normally takes about 15 minutes and is monitored 24/7.
- Use a separate system. Complete the submission from a device and network that are not suspected of compromise. Do not use the affected AI workstation, tenant or identity account if an attacker may control it.
- Describe the event plainly. State what the AI system did, what you believe triggered it, when it started, when it was detected and whether the activity is continuing. Distinguish confirmed facts from working assumptions.
- Identify the environment. Give the application and service names, model and application versions, relevant cloud or on-premises components, connected tools, identity systems and affected business functions.
- Summarise impact and containment. Explain whether data was exposed or changed, services were unavailable, credentials were misused, or automated actions occurred. List containment already completed and actions still in progress.
- Provide safe contact details. Give a monitored contact method and state any restrictions on communicating through the affected organisation. Include the incident lead’s role and availability.
- Submit and retain the reference. Save the submission confirmation and add it to the incident log. Ask for technical support or signposting when the situation exceeds your internal capability.
NCSC reporting supports assistance and intelligence sharing. It does not replace legal or regulatory reporting, so make the separate assessments below in parallel.
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Assess UK GDPR whenever personal data may have been exposed, lost, altered or accessed unlawfully. This includes data in prompts, model outputs, retrieval stores, training or fine-tuning datasets, logs, tool responses and connected applications. A model that reproduces a person’s data, or an agent that sends records to an unauthorised service, can create a personal-data breach even if the underlying database was not directly copied.
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The 72-hour rule
A notifiable personal-data breach must be reported to the ICO without undue delay and, where applicable, within 72 hours of the organisation becoming aware of it. The ICO’s 2025 guidance update confirms this timing. Awareness does not require every technical question to be answered: once you have a reasonable degree of certainty that a breach occurred and it is likely to risk people’s rights and freedoms, notify with the information available and explain what remains under investigation.
Do not wait for a perfect root-cause analysis. Submit early when the threshold is met, document the time of awareness, and provide supplementary facts as the investigation develops. If the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to individuals’ rights and freedoms, record that assessment and the evidence supporting it.
Information to assemble for the ICO
- The date and time of the incident, discovery and awareness.
- The nature of the breach: confidentiality, integrity, availability or a combination.
- Categories and approximate numbers of affected people and personal-data records, if known.
- Likely consequences for individuals, including fraud, discrimination, loss of confidentiality or safety risks.
- Containment and mitigation completed or planned.
- The organisation’s contact point and, where applicable, the data-protection officer.
Keep the ICO assessment separate from the NCSC submission: the NCSC needs cyber-technical context, while the ICO needs the data-protection threshold, affected people and mitigation analysis.
NIS, digital services and sector regulators
Relevant digital service providers must assess duties under the UK Network and Information Systems (NIS) regime. The applicable threshold depends on the organisation’s regulated role and the incident’s effect on the service; using an AI component does not by itself make every organisation subject to NIS.
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For a qualifying digital-service-provider incident, the ICO requires information including the time, duration, nature, impact and cross-border effects. Confirm the current reporting channel and deadline for your service category. Operators of essential services should use their sector competent authority rather than assuming the ICO is the correct recipient.
Questions for the NIS assessment
- Is the organisation a regulated digital service provider or an operator of an essential service?
- Did the AI incident materially affect the availability, authenticity, integrity or confidentiality of the service or network?
- How long did the disruption or compromise last, and is it still active?
- Were users, suppliers or services in other countries affected?
- Which competent authority and sector-specific rules apply?
Record the role classification and impact analysis even when the threshold is not met. If the service is regulated by another authority, follow that authority’s form and deadline in addition to any NIS notification.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.When to involve police and fraud reporting
If the incident may be criminal, consider Report Fraud. Organisations in Scotland should use Police Scotland. Criminal indicators can include extortion, deliberate unauthorised access, theft of model weights or data, credential abuse, fraud, sabotage or malicious use of an AI agent.
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Evidence to preserve after prompt injection or model compromise
AI incidents are difficult to reconstruct if the evidence is limited to a final output or a screenshot. Preserve the complete execution context, with access controls and a documented chain of custody.
Model and application context
- Model name, provider, version, deployment identifier and configuration at the time.
- Application build, plug-ins, orchestration code, system prompts, policy rules and safety settings.
- Model, application, dependency and infrastructure changes before and after the event.
- Tool definitions, permissions, allow-lists, network routes and approval gates.
Inputs, outputs and actions
- Exact user prompts, retrieved context, uploaded files and external inputs, subject to lawful handling of personal data.
- Raw model outputs, tool calls, function arguments, returned data, generated code and final actions.
- Conversation or job identifiers, temperature or other relevant inference settings, and retry or fallback behaviour.
- Human approvals, overrides, refusals and any autonomous actions taken.
Security and data records
- Identity, authentication, API-key, privilege and session records.
- Application, gateway, cloud, endpoint, network, database, retrieval and vector-store audit logs.
- Timestamps with a known time zone and clock source; preserve the original format before normalising copies.
- Indicators of compromise such as suspicious prompts, domains, hashes, accounts, files and unusual tool-call patterns.
- Affected datasets, personal-data categories, records accessed or changed, and data exfiltration evidence.
- Containment commands, configuration changes, snapshots and supplier or cloud-provider communications.
Keep a read-only or otherwise protected copy, restrict access to people who need it, and note the collector, collection time, source system and any transformation. Monitoring inputs and outputs is not merely a debugging feature: it supports investigation, compliance and remediation.
Working with suppliers and cloud providers
Ask the AI supplier for the model and application versions, relevant logs, authentication events, abuse detections, service-status information, retention limits and their incident reference. Request preservation of data that may expire under normal retention. Record exactly what the supplier confirms, what it cannot provide and when each request was made.
Check contracts for notification windows, cooperation duties, audit rights, sub-processors, cross-border processing, evidence access and liability allocation. A supplier’s notification to you does not automatically satisfy your ICO, NIS, sector, police, insurer or customer obligations.
Notification sequence and ongoing updates
- Activate the incident plan and establish a secure coordination channel.
- Contain the unsafe behaviour while collecting volatile evidence and maintaining chain-of-custody records.
- Classify personal-data, NIS, sector, essential-service, customer, supplier and criminal implications.
- Submit the NCSC report from a separate uncompromised system and request technical support if needed.
- Make ICO, NIS, sector-regulator, Report Fraud or Police Scotland, insurer and contractual notifications that apply.
- Maintain the dated decision log and send supplemental facts as the investigation develops.
- Review prompts, model versions, logs, permissions, training or retrieval data and supplier controls; turn findings into remediation and vulnerability disclosure.
Use one consistent incident identifier across every notification, but tailor the content to each recipient. Send confirmed facts first, label estimates and unknowns, and update rather than contradicting an earlier report without explanation.
After containment: improve the AI system
NCSC guidance expects AI and machine-learning systems to have incident and vulnerability-management processes, a route for researchers or users to report vulnerabilities, trained responders and plans for AI-specific scenarios. Treat the incident as a control failure to be corrected, not only as a one-off malicious prompt.
Technical remediation
- Remove or rotate exposed credentials and reduce tool permissions to the minimum needed.
- Separate retrieval, inference and action privileges; require human approval for high-impact operations.
- Validate and quarantine training, fine-tuning and retrieval sources before they influence production behaviour.
- Patch the application and dependencies, close the exploited path and test that the fix blocks the original technique.
- Improve logging of prompts, outputs, tool calls, identities and configuration changes while applying retention and privacy controls.
Operational remediation
- Define severity levels and escalation contacts for prompt injection, data poisoning, model theft, unauthorised tool use and harmful autonomy.
- Run exercises that include a compromised identity provider, unavailable logs and a supplier that cannot immediately confirm scope.
- Train responders to distinguish model-quality issues from security events and to preserve AI-specific evidence.
- Publish a safe vulnerability-reporting route and assign ownership for triage and disclosure.
- Review contracts, insurance conditions, regulatory registers and customer communications after every material event.
NCSC CTO Ollie Whitehouse summarised the expectation this way: “These technologies must be developed and used from the outset with strong safeguards, real-time oversight, and clear plans for responding when the unexpected happens.”
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Quick Recap
A practical decision checklist
- Have you opened an incident record and a secure, independent coordination channel?
- Can you state what happened, when it happened and which AI model, application and tools were involved?
- Have you contained the active risk without deleting volatile evidence?
- Could personal data be exposed, altered, lost or accessed unlawfully, and when did you become aware?
- Does the organisation provide a regulated digital service or essential service affected by the event?
- Could the conduct be criminal, and is Report Fraud or Police Scotland appropriate?
- Have insurer, customer and supplier contracts imposed a notification deadline?
- Have you submitted the NCSC report from a separate system and retained its confirmation?
- Are prompts, outputs, model and application versions, tool calls, access records, logs, datasets, indicators and containment actions preserved?
- Is there a dated decision log explaining every notification decision and later update?
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