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Preserve the earliest available video in its original, unmodified form, document where it came from and every known handling step, and make a verified working copy for examination. A hash can help show that a file has not changed since it was hashed; it cannot, by itself, prove the video is genuine, when or where it was recorded, or what happened outside the frame.
Preserve the earliest available version first
The strongest starting point is usually the native file from the recording device or original source, if it can be obtained safely and lawfully. A social-media download or repost may have been resized, transcoded, trimmed, or stripped of metadata, so do not assume it is equivalent to the source recording. Keep the original file unaltered and in its original sequence with any related files. WITNESS’s Archive Guide: Video as Evidence recommends preserving original files without alteration or transcoding and retaining their order.
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- If a witness recorded the event, ask whether the original device or file is available and whether a longer version exists.
- For a clip found online, preserve the available post or page context as well as the video: its URL, the date and time you captured it, the account or page that posted it, and relevant surrounding text. Keep a copy or record of the page where practical.
- Record how the file was obtained and whether it may have been edited, shared, or converted before collection. Separate what the recorder personally knows from what they heard from someone else.
- For CCTV or DVR footage, request the best available export and relevant system information. Proprietary export processes can affect interoperability, metadata, or quality; NIST’s 2019 CCTV Digital Video Export Profile addresses exports intended to support evidentiary value, metadata, and chain of custody.
Collection authority and privacy requirements vary by jurisdiction and circumstance. When obtaining a source file could create risk or require legal authority, consult the responsible evidence authority or local counsel rather than improvising.
Make a working copy and hash the exact file
Keep the collected or earliest available file as the preserved evidence copy. Create a separate working copy for viewing and analysis, then verify that copy against the source using a cryptographic hashing function. If hashing is not possible, record why. NIST IR 8387, Digital Evidence Preservation: Considerations for Evidence Handlers (September 2022), emphasizes documenting evidence sources and transfers, protecting evidence, and securely retaining hash records.
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For each hash, record the algorithm and value, the exact file that was hashed, the date and time, and the operator or tool if known. Store the hash record separately in a protected location. A matching hash under the same method supports that the compared file is bit-for-bit identical to the version represented by the reference hash. It does not establish who recorded the video, whether its caption is true, when or where the depicted event occurred, or whether the video was altered before the first hash was made.
Keep a custody and processing log
A useful log lets another person understand what happened to the file from collection onward. NIST IR 8387 and WITNESS’s archive guidance both emphasize documenting source, transfers, custody, and changes. Record what can be established rather than filling gaps with assumptions.
- Who supplied the file, who received it, and when and how the transfer took place.
- The original source or device, if known; where the file was stored; and each documented transfer, access, or copy.
- Whether the file was converted, enhanced, cropped, or otherwise changed, including the purpose, operator, software and version if known, and repeatable steps.
- Which file is the preserved source and which are working, converted, or presentation copies.
Do not silently replace the preserved source with an enhanced or converted version. Retain both the input and any derived output so that a reviewer can distinguish what was recorded from what was done for analysis or presentation.
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Record technical properties without treating them as proof
Document relevant properties of the file, such as resolution, frame rate, pixel aspect ratio, codec, file format, and visible or embedded time information. The OSAC Standard Guide for Forensic Digital Video Examination Workflow, version 2.0, recommends an initial technical overview and documenting issues and discrepancies. Where practicable, compare results from more than one suitable tool and note any differences.
Metadata can provide useful leads, but it is not a stand-alone authentication test. Missing metadata does not establish that a video is fabricated; metadata that is present does not independently prove the depicted event is genuine or accurately dated. If technical anomalies or questions exceed ordinary file handling, refer them to a qualified forensic video examiner rather than drawing conclusions from one artifact.
Verify the video by testing several independent questions
Verification is a structured assessment of source, context, content, and corroboration—not one decisive test. The Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations (2020) and the 2024 Evaluating Digital Open Source Imagery: A Guide for Judges and Fact-finders describe contextual assessment, including corroborating time and location. Keep observations about the file distinct from conclusions about what happened or who was responsible.
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Who recorded it, and is this the earliest source?
Ask who made the recording, who first possessed it, how it moved from the device to the uploader or investigator, and whether a longer or earlier version exists. Search for earlier appearances and compare versions while preserving the relevant post context and capture dates. A witness’s account of the recording circumstances is important context, but it is not by itself proof of every claim made about the clip.
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Compare stable, identifiable features—such as street layouts, signs, architecture, terrain, or landmarks—with independent maps, imagery, or reliable ground-level photographs. Record the features that match and any plausible competing explanation. Describe a location as identified or estimated according to the strength and limits of the available imagery; a visual match should not be presented as more precise than the evidence allows.
When was it recorded?
Treat a platform upload time or a visible clock as a lead, not automatically as the recording time. Compare it with independent evidence where available, such as the event chronology, weather, shadows and sun position, or other dated material. The Berkeley Protocol describes chronolocation as corroborating the dates and times of depicted events and identifies shadow analysis as one possible clue; no single clue necessarily settles the time.
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Is the clip complete, and does it cohere with other evidence?
Determine whether the file begins and ends where the source says it does, whether there are cuts or gaps, and whether earlier or later footage changes the interpretation. An incomplete clip may still be probative, but a missing segment can affect how much weight a particular claim deserves. Compare the video with other recordings, contemporaneous records, and witness accounts where available. Do not infer authenticity or editing from a single visual artifact.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.If the video is already on social media
Preserve the public version and its context, but seek the source file when appropriate and safe. A platform copy may not retain the recording’s original properties, and its upload timestamp does not automatically date the event. Apply the same provenance, location, timing, completeness, and corroboration checks used for other copies.
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Before sharing or publishing, consider whether the footage, identifying details, or act of sharing could put the recorder, witnesses, or people shown at risk. WITNESS’s You captured police abuse on video. Now what? recommends considering trusted media, legal, or advocacy support when deciding whether and how to share footage; the Berkeley Protocol also emphasizes protection of sources, witnesses, victims, and investigators. Redaction or delayed publication may be appropriate in some circumstances, but any altered public version should be clearly distinguished from the preserved source.
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Preservation supports later assessment; it does not decide the case
Careful handling helps others evaluate a recording and identify what is known, what is uncertain, and what changed after collection. NIST’s Evidence Management page states, “At every stage, handlers of evidence must ensure that it has not been compromised, contaminated, or degraded and that its chain of custody is tracked.” The same page attributes this separate statement to the National Academy of Sciences’ 2009 report, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward: “In order for qualified forensic science experts to testify competently about forensic evidence, they must first find the evidence in a usable state and properly preserve it.”
Preservation and verification do not guarantee admissibility or resolve factual disputes. Collection authority, disclosure duties, privacy rules, public-records requirements, and admissibility standards depend on jurisdiction and case facts. The U.S. DOJ’s Video Evidence: A Law Enforcement Guide to Resources and Best Practices is dated March 2014; it is a law-enforcement resource, not a substitute for current local instructions. For a specific case, follow the responsible evidence authority’s requirements and obtain local legal advice.
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