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Prepare a website for post-quantum TLS by deploying and verifying a TLS 1.3 hybrid key-agreement group at every TLS termination point. Start by mapping browser-to-edge and edge-to-origin connections, inventorying the exact TLS implementations, selecting a supported hybrid group, testing clients and middleboxes, and confirming the negotiated group in live handshakes. Treat certificates and post-quantum signatures as a separate project: hybrid key agreement does not make a website’s certificate post-quantum.
What “post-quantum TLS” means for a website
For website operators, the practical post-quantum path is TLS 1.3 key agreement that combines a traditional ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange with a post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM). The hybrid result is intended to remain secure if at least one component remains secure. RFC 9954 describes this construction and its motivation: an attacker could record encrypted traffic now and attempt to decrypt it later if a cryptographic assumption is broken, a scenario commonly called “harvest now, decrypt later.”
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This change protects the establishment of symmetric session keys. It does not replace the certificate, the certificate authority, or the signature used to authenticate your hostname. Authentication and key establishment therefore need separate inventories, controls and migration plans.
The current protocol boundary
As of October 11, 2026, the standardized website deployment target is TLS 1.3 with one of the hybrid groups in RFC 10024. RFC 9852 says new protocols using TLS must require TLS 1.3; TLS 1.2 can remain as an additional, non-default compatibility option where deployment realities require it. A TLS 1.2 connection is not on the standardized hybrid path, even if the same server also supports a hybrid TLS 1.3 connection.
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The three standardized TLS 1.3 hybrid groups
RFC 10024 defines three post-quantum/traditional (PQ/T) groups. Each combines ML-KEM with ephemeral elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE). You do not need to enable all three. Choose according to policy, fleet compatibility and measured resource use.
| Group | Components | Position in RFC 10024 | When to evaluate it |
|---|---|---|---|
X25519MLKEM768 |
X25519 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-768 | Widely deployed and often the most practical single hybrid choice | Default candidate for a general website when the client and server fleet supports it |
SecP256r1MLKEM768 |
secp256r1 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-768 | Supports cases requiring both shared-secret components to use FIPS-approved mechanisms | Organizations with a documented FIPS or equivalent cryptographic policy; confirm the applicable requirement locally |
SecP384r1MLKEM1024 |
secp384r1 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-1024 | Intended for high-security environments seeking a larger security margin | High-assurance deployments willing to test the additional handshake size and processing cost |
The descriptions above are protocol guidance, not a legal or compliance determination. Compare each candidate against your approved algorithms, supported client population, handshake size, CPU use and latency under your own traffic. RFC 9954 specifically identifies larger key shares and ciphertexts, plus additional computational work, as engineering considerations; it does not establish a universal performance winner.
Map every TLS connection before changing anything
Draw the complete path for every public hostname and important internal service. A browser-to-CDN handshake and a CDN-to-origin handshake are separate TLS connections, with potentially different software, defaults and negotiated groups. A successful handshake on one leg says nothing about the other.
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- Direct origin listeners, including separate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
- CDN or edge TLS endpoints.
- Load balancers and reverse proxies in front of an application.
- API gateways, service meshes and ingress controllers.
- Private links from an edge service to the origin, including regional or failover origins.
- TLS inspection appliances, WAFs or enterprise gateways that terminate and re-establish TLS.
- Administrative, monitoring and webhook endpoints that may use different certificates or TLS libraries.
For each leg, record the source and destination, hostname and SNI, port, terminating component, certificate store, TLS versions, configured supported groups and where handshake logs can be collected. Mark whether the leg is managed by your team, a hosting provider or a CDN; ownership determines where a setting can actually be changed.
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A useful inventory format
| Leg | Terminator | Build and TLS library | Current TLS policy | Hybrid support and evidence location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visitor → edge | CDN or public load balancer | Exact provider release or service revision | TLS 1.3 enabled; legacy versions documented | Provider support matrix plus observed handshake telemetry |
| Edge → origin | Origin proxy or web server | Operating-system package and library build | Supported groups and certificate policy | Origin logs and an independent test client |
| Direct or internal client → origin | Origin, ingress or gateway | Exact binary and configuration | Per-environment policy | Environment-specific test and logs |
Do not infer support from a product family name. Record the deployed binary, package revision, operating system and configuration that are handling traffic now.
Check implementation versions and defaults
Hybrid support depends on the actual TLS library and server build. Review release notes and the provider’s current support matrix, then verify the effective configuration on the running endpoint. For example, Cloudflare’s support documentation, accessed October 11, 2026, lists OpenSSL 3.5.0 or later as enabling X25519MLKEM768 by default, while thresholds and defaults differ across other implementations. Treat such version statements as deployment-specific and recheck them when packages or managed services change.
- Capture the exact TLS library version, server or proxy version and operating-system package.
- List explicitly configured supported groups and any provider-level TLS policy.
- Determine whether a security baseline, FIPS mode or hardware module removes a group from the effective list.
- Find the configuration and logs for every TLS terminator, not only the origin web server.
- Document rollback settings before enabling a new group.
Choose a group that fits policy and traffic
For a typical evaluation of one group, start with X25519MLKEM768 because RFC 10024 describes it as widely deployed and often the most practical single hybrid combiner. That is a starting point, not a mandate. If policy requires both shared-secret components to use FIPS-approved mechanisms, evaluate SecP256r1MLKEM768. If your threat model justifies a larger margin and you can absorb the resulting resource and compatibility testing, evaluate SecP384r1MLKEM1024.
Keep a decision record explaining:
- Which policy or compliance requirement influenced the choice.
- Which browsers, mobile clients, service clients and operating systems must continue to connect.
- What handshake-size, CPU and latency limits your service can tolerate.
- Which fallbacks are acceptable and how they will be monitored.
Do not describe a connection as post-quantum merely because a server advertises a supported group. The group must be selected in the live TLS 1.3 handshake.
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Staged deployment plan
1. Establish a baseline
Before changing configuration, measure current TLS 1.3 handshake success, latency, CPU utilization, connection failures and fallback behavior for each terminator. Separate visitor-to-edge metrics from edge-to-origin metrics. Save a representative sample of client versions and network paths, including mobile, corporate and automated clients.
2. Update the TLS implementation
Install a library and server or proxy build that implements the standardized hybrid group you selected. Apply the change in a test environment first. Confirm that the effective supported-group list contains the intended group and that TLS 1.3 remains enabled. Some releases enable a hybrid group by default; others require an explicit setting, so verify the actual release rather than copying a setting from a different version.
3. Enable the group on one controlled endpoint
Use a canary hostname, listener or small traffic slice. Keep a documented traditional TLS 1.3 group available as a fallback while compatibility is assessed. Do not silently remove TLS 1.2 if business-critical legacy clients still require it; instead, identify those clients and treat their TLS 1.2 sessions as non-post-quantum connections.
4. Test clients and middleboxes
Exercise modern browsers, mobile applications, API clients, monitoring agents and older but supported clients. Include TLS inspection appliances, corporate proxies, load balancers and firewalls. A hybrid ML-KEM ClientHello is typically split across two packets in Cloudflare’s documentation, and the larger key shares and ciphertexts described by RFC 9954 can expose packet-handling or protocol-ossification bugs.
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- Record whether the handshake succeeds, falls back or fails.
- Capture the negotiated TLS version and group where the client exposes them.
- Test normal, resumed and renegotiation-like application flows; TLS 1.3 does not use renegotiation, but session resumption is still a distinct path to observe.
- Repeat tests through each production network route and origin region.
5. Verify negotiation on every connection leg
Use an independent client that supports the selected group and inspect the handshake result. Cloudflare documents this origin-side example with BoringSSL:
bssl client -connect <YOUR_ORIGIN>:443 -curves X25519MLKEM768For a successful test, the handshake output should report X25519MLKEM768. Replace the group in the command when testing another standardized option. Run the check against the origin directly, then separately validate the public edge endpoint. Add endpoint telemetry or connection logs where available; a supported-algorithm list, deployment dashboard or successful TCP connection is not proof that the hybrid group was negotiated.
6. Measure the canary
Compare the canary with the baseline for at least the traffic patterns that matter to your site. Track:
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- Handshake success and failure by client, geography and network path.
- Hybrid negotiation rate and traditional fallback rate on each leg.
- Handshake latency, time to first application byte and connection setup timeout rate.
- CPU, memory and cryptographic-operation utilization at each terminator.
- Packet fragmentation, retransmissions and maximum transmission-unit related errors.
- Application error rates, origin saturation and queueing during traffic peaks.
RFC 9954 establishes why larger messages and extra computation deserve measurement, but there is no universal current-site performance number to substitute for your own workload. Preliminary NIST interoperability and performance work cited in its migration FAQ used draft KEM standards in tests performed before December 2023; it should not be presented as a benchmark for a current production ML-KEM deployment. See the NIST migration FAQ for that qualification.
7. Expand gradually and retain rollback
Increase traffic in steps only after the canary meets your error and latency thresholds. Keep a tested rollback that restores the prior supported-group order or disables the hybrid option without disabling TLS 1.3. Continue watching each termination point independently: an edge rollout can succeed while the origin leg still negotiates a traditional group.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Compatibility risks and how to troubleshoot them
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and response |
|---|---|---|
| Modern clients fail before receiving a response | Malformed or oversized ClientHello handling, middlebox ossification or an implementation defect | Compare a direct path with a path through proxies and inspection devices; capture packet traces; test the same client against the canary with the hybrid group disabled; update or bypass the faulty middlebox. |
| Edge handshake is hybrid but origin handshake is traditional | The origin terminator lacks support, has a different default, or a CDN-to-origin policy overrides the public setting | Run an origin-side test, inspect origin logs and configure the edge-to-origin leg separately. |
| Connections succeed but never negotiate the hybrid group | The client lacks support, the group is not enabled, or another supported group is preferred | Check the effective supported-group order and test with a known supporting client; use telemetry rather than an advertised capability list. |
| CPU or handshake latency rises sharply | Larger hybrid operations, increased packet processing or a capacity bottleneck | Compare per-handshake CPU and packet metrics with the baseline, scale the terminator, tune traffic rollout and keep a traditional TLS 1.3 fallback while investigating. |
| Only older clients fail | Client or intermediary does not understand the TLS 1.3 hybrid key share | Identify the affected population, preserve an approved fallback where necessary and set an end-of-life date for the legacy path rather than mislabeling it post-quantum. |
Do not confuse key agreement with post-quantum certificates
Enabling a hybrid group changes how the session secret is established. It does not change the signature algorithm on the server certificate or make the certificate chain resistant to quantum attacks. RFC 9954 explicitly leaves next-generation authentication outside its hybrid key-exchange scope. Cloudflare likewise documents post-quantum origin signatures as a separate capability and notes that hybrid ML-KEM key agreement is more broadly deployed than post-quantum authentication in its environment.
Run a parallel certificate workstream: inventory certificate signature algorithms, certificate authorities, private-key storage, client validation behavior and renewal automation; then evaluate post-quantum or hybrid authentication options as standards and ecosystem support mature. Keep its milestones and acceptance tests separate from the TLS key-agreement rollout.
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Cloudflare reported that about 70% of browser-generated traffic reaching its network used hybrid ML-KEM on visitor-to-Cloudflare connections in 2026, while about 15% of the origins it connected to used hybrid ML-KEM. These are Cloudflare-reported aggregates with different denominators, not global web-adoption rates and not a measurement of any individual domain. The figures are useful context for why edge and origin legs must be considered separately; they are not a substitute for testing your own traffic. Cloudflare’s visibility discussion is available at its October 2026 post-quantum visibility article.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- Every hostname and TLS termination point is documented.
- Visitor-to-edge and edge-to-origin handshakes are treated as separate connections.
- Exact server, proxy, operating-system package and TLS-library builds are recorded.
- A hybrid group is selected against policy, client compatibility and measured resource limits.
- TLS 1.3 is enabled; any retained TLS 1.2 path is explicitly identified as non-post-quantum.
- Canary testing covers browsers, APIs, mobile clients, inspection devices and network paths.
- Live negotiation is verified with a supporting client and endpoint telemetry on every leg.
- Latency, CPU, packet behavior, fallbacks and application errors are compared with a baseline.
- Rollback is tested before broad rollout.
- Certificate and signature migration is tracked as a separate workstream.
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