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Which layer needs to change?
Work outward from the server. First confirm Nginx has a listener; then check the Linux firewall; finally, if applicable, check the cloud network rule. A firewall allow rule cannot make an application listen, and a working listener cannot receive internet traffic through a layer that blocks it.
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| Layer | What it controls | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx | The address and port the web server accepts connections on. | The active configuration and listening socket. |
| Host firewall | Traffic permitted by the Linux server itself. | The active UFW rule or the firewalld zone and configuration state. |
| Cloud firewall | Traffic allowed by provider network controls before it reaches the VM. | The rule’s protocol, port, source range, and target or attachment. |
For conventional web traffic, HTTP uses TCP port 80 and HTTPS uses TCP port 443. Allow only the protocol and ports the configured service needs. AWS web-server rules
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Nginx’s listen directive sets the address and port for a server block. For example, listen 127.0.0.1:8080; binds to loopback, so an external client cannot reach that listener through the server’s public interface. If the address is omitted, Nginx listens on all addresses. Check the configuration rather than assuming a firewall rule created a listener. NGINX listener documentation
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On Ubuntu, inspect listening sockets with sudo ss -utlnp. The command shows listening sockets and, with elevated permissions, their associated processes. This confirms what is listening on the host; it does not confirm that a cloud firewall permits ingress. Ubuntu open-ports guidance
Allow the port with UFW on Ubuntu
UFW is Ubuntu’s default firewall configuration tool. Add a TCP rule for each configured web service port, then check the active rules:
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sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw statusRun the 443 rule only if HTTPS is configured. To inspect numbered rules, use sudo ufw status numbered; the UFW manual also documents deleting a rule with sudo ufw delete ... using its supported rule syntax. Ubuntu firewall documentation ufw(8)
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If only a known client or network should connect, use a source-restricted rule instead of allowing traffic from everywhere. UFW supports source-address and interface-specific rules; follow the manual’s syntax for the restriction you need. Its --dry-run option can display the resulting rules without applying them. ufw(8)
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If UFW is not active, Ubuntu documents sudo ufw enable to enable it. Before enabling a firewall on a remote server, ensure the rules permit your management connection so you do not cut off your access. Ubuntu firewall documentation
Open a port in firewalld
First identify the zone associated with the relevant interface or connection; add the rule to that zone. The example below uses the public zone and allows HTTP over TCP:
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sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcpThis changes firewalld’s runtime configuration only. To keep the same opening across reboot or a firewalld service restart, also add it to the permanent configuration:
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=80/tcpFor HTTPS, use port 443/tcp in the corresponding rule. Alternatively, allow the predefined http service with --add-service=http when its built-in port and protocol mapping matches your intended configuration. firewalld HowTo
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Allow ingress in the cloud firewall
A cloud rule is separate from UFW or firewalld. Check that the rule applies to the right instance or network interface, permits the intended TCP port, and has an appropriate source range. Provider interfaces and rule models differ, so verify the active rule and its target rather than relying on a host-side status command.
AWS security groups
AWS’s web-server examples use inbound TCP rules for ports 80 and 443. They show IPv4 source 0.0.0.0/0 for internet-wide access and separate IPv6 rules when the VPC uses IPv6. Choose a public-wide range only if the service is meant to be public; otherwise restrict the source to the clients or networks that need access. Security groups control inbound and outbound traffic for associated instances. AWS web-server rules AWS security-group creation
Azure network security groups
Azure’s tutorial demonstrates an inbound TCP port 80 rule for an Nginx web VM. For inbound traffic, both a subnet-associated NSG and a NIC-associated NSG can participate in evaluation. Inspect the rules at each level that applies to the VM. Azure NSG tutorial Azure NSG evaluation
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Google Cloud uses VPC firewall rules. Confirm the active project, rule targets, protocol and port, and source range in the current Google Cloud documentation and console. A published Nginx deployment guide illustrates TCP ports 80, 443, and 8080, but it is an older architecture example rather than current click-by-click console guidance. It cautions that allowing any public source is suitable only for a test environment. Google Cloud firewall documentation NGINX Google Cloud deployment guide
Troubleshoot a site that is still unreachable
- Check the listener. Confirm the Nginx server block uses the expected
listenaddress and port, and that a process is listening there. Usesudo ss -utlnpon Ubuntu to inspect host sockets. NGINX documentation Ubuntu open-ports guidance - Check the bind address. A loopback-only listener is local to the host; a firewall opening does not make it reachable through an external interface. NGINX documentation
- Check the host firewall. Confirm the rule is active, matches TCP and the intended port, and—on firewalld—is in the zone for the relevant interface. If persistence is required, ensure the firewalld permanent configuration includes the rule. Ubuntu firewall documentation firewalld HowTo
- Check cloud ingress. Verify source CIDR, protocol, destination port, and rule target or instance association. In Azure, inspect both subnet and NIC NSGs where present. AWS security-group rules Azure NSG evaluation Google Cloud firewall documentation
- Check address family. An IPv4 rule does not establish that IPv6 traffic is allowed, or the reverse. Review the address family used by the client and the applicable host and provider rules. AWS web-server rules
- Test from the intended network. After checking all applicable layers, try to reach the site from a client outside the server. A successful host-side listener check alone does not establish external reachability.
Expose only what the service needs
An open port means a service is listening for incoming connections or packets. Publicly exposing an unnecessary listener increases risk, particularly if the service is vulnerable or misconfigured. Keep the service patched and use restricted source ranges for endpoints that do not need to be public. Ubuntu security guidance on open ports Ubuntu guidance on unnecessary open ports
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