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What the monitoring stack does
MongoDB does not expose Prometheus-format time series directly. The exporter connects to MongoDB, reads the statistics permitted to its monitoring account, and translates them into metrics. Prometheus periodically requests those metrics from the exporter. Grafana queries Prometheus and turns the stored series into dashboards, variables and alerts.
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| Component | Role | Typical location in this setup |
|---|---|---|
| MongoDB | Database being observed | Local Ubuntu host or a reachable MongoDB server |
mongodb_exporter |
Collects MongoDB statistics and serves Prometheus metrics | Ubuntu host, listening on TCP 9216 |
| Prometheus | Scrapes and stores time-series data | Same host or a separate monitoring host |
| Grafana | Queries Prometheus and displays dashboards and alerts | Same host or a separate monitoring host |
Keep the exporter endpoint private. It is an operational endpoint, not a public web service; allow only the Prometheus server to reach port 9216.
Prerequisites and choices
- An Ubuntu server with a working
mongodservice and permission to create a MongoDB user. - Prometheus and Grafana installed from their current official releases. Package versions change, so do not copy an old version number from an older Ubuntu tutorial.
- Network access from Prometheus to the exporter on TCP 9216.
- A plan for storing the MongoDB URI and password outside process arguments and shell history.
- Administrative access to create a systemd unit, install a binary under
/usr/local/bin, edit Prometheus configuration and add a Grafana data source.
For the exporter, a native binary supervised by systemd is the clearest Ubuntu default. A container is possible, but it adds container networking, secret handling and lifecycle decisions. Community guides have pinned different Percona exporter releases, including 0.40.0 and 0.42.0; treat those numbers as historical examples and verify the current Percona release before downloading.
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Create a least-privilege MongoDB monitoring user
Do not reuse a full administrator account. The commonly documented role combination is clusterMonitor on the admin database plus read on the local database. This lets the exporter inspect server and replication information without granting application-write privileges.
- Open the MongoDB shell as an account allowed to create users.
- Switch to the
admindatabase. - Create a dedicated account with a long, unique password and the two roles shown below.
mongosh
use admin
db.createUser({
user: 'mongodb_exporter',
pwd: passwordPrompt(),
roles: [
{ role: 'clusterMonitor', db: 'admin' },
{ role: 'read', db: 'local' }
]
})passwordPrompt() keeps the password out of the command text. If your shell version does not provide it, enter the password through your approved secret-management procedure rather than placing it in a shell command copied into history.
Use authSource=admin in the exporter URI because the account is defined in admin. For a local, authenticated MongoDB instance, the URI in the environment file can follow this pattern:
MONGODB_URI=mongodb://mongodb_exporter:${MONGODB_EXPORTER_PASSWORD}@127.0.0.1:27017/?authSource=adminThe shell variable is expanded by the service environment, not committed as a literal password. For a replica set or a remote deployment, use the appropriate members, TLS options and replica-set parameters required by that deployment; do not silently disable certificate verification to make a connection succeed.
Install the Percona exporter binary
Choose and verify the release
Download the Linux architecture tarball from Percona’s mongodb_exporter releases, then inspect the release notes and checksum for the version you selected. Current release numbers are volatile, and setup guides have disagreed, so pin a version deliberately instead of assuming that 0.40.0 or 0.42.0 is current.
Place the executable
After extracting the archive, copy the exporter executable to a root-owned path and make it executable. The exact archive filename depends on the release and CPU architecture; the installation operation itself is stable:
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sudo install -m 0755 mongodb_exporter /usr/local/bin/mongodb_exporter
/usr/local/bin/mongodb_exporter --helpUse the help output to confirm the URI flag names for the downloaded release. The guides used a MongoDB connection URI together with --collect-all and --compatible-mode. If a newer release changes a flag, follow that binary’s help output rather than forcing an obsolete command line.
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Run a foreground smoke test
Before creating a service, start the exporter interactively with the URI and collection flags. Keep the terminal open while testing:
export MONGODB_URI='mongodb://mongodb_exporter:${MONGODB_EXPORTER_PASSWORD}@127.0.0.1:27017/?authSource=admin'
/usr/local/bin/mongodb_exporter --mongodb.uri=$MONGODB_URI --collect-all --compatible-modeIn another terminal, query the local metrics endpoint:
curl http://localhost:9216/metrics | grep mongodb_upA line containing mongodb_up confirms that the exporter reached MongoDB and published its health metric. An empty response, connection refusal or an authentication error must be fixed before involving Prometheus or Grafana.
Run the exporter safely with systemd
Store the URI in an environment file
Keeping the URI in an environment file prevents the password from appearing in the process list and in the unit’s command line. Create a root-readable file:
sudo install -m 0600 /dev/null /etc/default/mongodb_exporter
sudoedit /etc/default/mongodb_exporterPut the URI there, with the password supplied according to your secret policy:
MONGODB_URI=mongodb://mongodb_exporter:${MONGODB_EXPORTER_PASSWORD}@127.0.0.1:27017/?authSource=adminIf you use a separate password variable, ensure the service manager actually receives it; an unexpanded variable produces an authentication failure. Restrict ownership and permissions so ordinary users cannot read the credentials.
Create the unit
The unit should start after MongoDB, run as a dedicated account and restart after an unexpected exit. One documented Ubuntu example uses the existing mongodb service account rather than root; use a different unprivileged account if that better matches your host’s policy.
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[Unit]
Description=MongoDB Prometheus exporter
After=mongod.service
Wants=mongod.service
[Service]
Type=simple
User=mongodb
Group=mongodb
EnvironmentFile=/etc/default/mongodb_exporter
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/mongodb_exporter --mongodb.uri=${MONGODB_URI} --collect-all --compatible-mode
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetSave it as /etc/systemd/system/mongodb_exporter.service. Confirm that the User can execute the binary and read the environment file. If your system uses a different MongoDB service name, adjust the After and Wants lines to match it.
Enable and start it
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable mongodb_exporter
sudo systemctl start mongodb_exporter
sudo systemctl status mongodb_exporter
sudo journalctl -u mongodb_exporter -n 50 --no-pagerThen repeat the local check:
curl http://localhost:9216/metrics | grep mongodb_upDo not proceed until the service remains active and the metric appears consistently. A service that continually restarts usually indicates a malformed URI, missing environment variable, unsupported flag or permission problem; the journal normally identifies which one.
Add the exporter to Prometheus
Edit the Prometheus configuration and add a scrape job. The documented example uses a 30-second interval and a 10-second timeout:
scrape_configs:
- job_name: mongodb
scrape_interval: 30s
scrape_timeout: 10s
static_configs:
- targets:
- localhost:9216Use localhost:9216 only when Prometheus runs on the same machine. If Prometheus is elsewhere, replace it with the exporter host’s private address and firewall that address narrowly. Ensure the target is not exposed to the public internet.
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sudo systemctl restart prometheus
sudo systemctl status prometheusIn Prometheus, open the targets page and check that the mongodb target is UP. Query mongodb_up; a value of 1 indicates that the exporter currently reaches MongoDB, while 0 indicates that the exporter is running but its database connection is unhealthy. A down target means Prometheus cannot reach the exporter at all.
Connect Grafana to Prometheus
- Sign in to Grafana.
- Open Configuration → Data sources.
- Select Add data source, then choose Prometheus.
- Enter the Prometheus server URL. Use the internal URL reachable from the Grafana server, not necessarily the browser’s localhost.
- Select Save & test and confirm the connection succeeds.
Once the data source works, you have two dashboard approaches.
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Import a community MongoDB dashboard
Import a dashboard from Grafana’s dashboard catalog or a trusted internal export, then select the Prometheus data source you just configured. Dashboard IDs and panel expressions change over time, so verify that an imported dashboard matches your exporter release and inspect its queries before relying on it for alerting.
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Build panels yourself
A hand-built dashboard avoids hidden assumptions and makes it easier to adapt labels. Start with panels for:
| Panel | Purpose | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
| Exporter reachability | Shows mongodb_up |
Value is 1 for the intended instance |
| Scrape health | Shows whether Prometheus is collecting the job | The target remains up and scrape errors stay at zero |
| Connections | Tracks connection use and saturation | Compare current use with the configured connection ceiling |
| Replication | Tracks replica lag and member health | Alert before lag threatens application read or failover assumptions |
| WiredTiger cache | Tracks cache fill percentage and pressure | Investigate sustained high fill, not a single spike |
Metric names and label sets can vary with exporter versions and collection flags. Use Grafana’s query editor or Prometheus’s expression browser to discover the exact series emitted by your binary instead of copying an expression that targets a different release.
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Exporter or database unreachable
Alert when mongodb_up is 0 for a sustained period, and separately alert when the Prometheus target is down. The distinction matters: a target-down alert points to the exporter, network or process; a zero health metric points to the exporter process being reachable but unable to use MongoDB.
Connection saturation
Watch connection usage against the server’s limit. A rising ratio can precede rejected clients even when query latency still looks normal. Set a warning threshold that leaves room for administrative and failover traffic, then tune it to your workload rather than copying a universal percentage.
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Alert on sustained lag for members that serve reads or participate in failover. Short spikes may be recoverable; a continuously increasing value requires investigation of disk latency, write volume, network conditions or an unhealthy member.
WiredTiger cache pressure
Track the cache fill percentage and alert on sustained high pressure. Correlate it with latency and eviction behavior before changing cache settings. A single high reading is not proof that the cache configuration is wrong.
Secure the endpoint and credentials
- Allow TCP 9216 only from the Prometheus host or a private monitoring network.
- Do not bind the exporter to a public interface unless a controlled, authenticated reverse proxy is intentionally part of the design.
- Keep the MongoDB URI out of shell history, process arguments, public unit files and source control.
- Use TLS parameters when MongoDB requires encrypted connections, and keep certificate validation enabled.
- Review the monitoring user’s roles periodically and rotate its password using the same procedure used for other service credentials.
- Run the exporter as an unprivileged account and keep the executable root-owned and non-writable by that account.
The exporter port is not a replacement for MongoDB authentication. It exposes collected operational data, so network restriction remains necessary even when the database itself is locked down.
Docker as an alternative
One Ubuntu walkthrough reports running the percona/mongodb_exporter image with the same collection flags. Treat this as an optional route rather than the baseline: image tags can lag or change, and you must solve container-to-MongoDB networking, secret injection, restart policy and port binding yourself. If you choose it, keep the container’s 9216 port reachable only by Prometheus, pass the URI through a secret mechanism, and verify /metrics and mongodb_up before adding the scrape job. Do not use an old, unmaintained exporter image merely because its tag appears in an older guide.
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curl cannot connect to port 9216
- Check
systemctl status mongodb_exporterand the unit journal. - Confirm the exporter is listening with your host’s socket inspection tool.
- Check for a typo in
ExecStart, an unreadable environment file or a binary built for the wrong architecture. - Verify that a local firewall is not blocking loopback or the chosen bind address.
mongodb_up is missing or equals 0
- Test the same URI from the foreground exporter command.
- Confirm the user exists in
adminand has both documented roles. - Check that
authSource=adminis present when the account is stored there. - Validate the password, TLS requirements, hostname resolution and MongoDB bind address.
- Run the exporter with the release’s supported flags; an invalid collection flag can prevent startup or collection.
Prometheus target is down
- From the Prometheus host, request
http://exporter-host:9216/metrics. - Replace
localhostin the scrape target when Prometheus is on another machine. - Open only the required firewall path from Prometheus to port 9216.
- Check Prometheus logs after changing YAML and restart it if the configuration was not hot-reloaded.
Grafana connects but panels are empty
- Test the Prometheus data source in Grafana.
- Run a simple
mongodb_upquery in Prometheus first. - Check the dashboard’s selected data source, time range and instance/job variables.
- Inspect panel queries for metric names or labels that do not exist in your exporter release.
The service works manually but not under systemd
Compare the interactive environment with the unit environment. Systemd does not inherit your shell’s exported variables, home directory or credentials. Confirm the environment file path, permissions, user ownership and exact executable path, then reload the unit after edits.
Operate and update the stack
Keep MongoDB, the exporter, Prometheus and Grafana on a planned maintenance schedule. Before upgrading the exporter, read its release notes, save the current unit and environment files, test the new binary in the foreground, and compare the emitted metric names with the dashboard queries. A version change that preserves the process name can still rename or remove series.
After an upgrade, repeat the complete health chain: exporter service active, local mongodb_up present, Prometheus target up, Prometheus query returning data and Grafana panels populated. Review alert rules after every exporter change, especially rules tied to replication and WiredTiger metrics.
Recommended implementation sequence
- Create the dedicated MongoDB user with
clusterMonitoronadminandreadonlocal. - Install and verify a current Percona exporter release.
- Run a foreground smoke test and confirm
mongodb_up. - Move the URI into a protected environment file and create the non-root systemd unit.
- Restrict port 9216 to Prometheus.
- Add the Prometheus scrape job with the 30-second interval and 10-second timeout, then verify the target.
- Add Prometheus as Grafana’s data source.
- Import a compatible dashboard or build panels for reachability, connections, replication lag and WiredTiger cache pressure.
- Create alerts only after you have observed normal ranges for this deployment.
This order isolates failures. If the exporter cannot produce mongodb_up, changing Grafana dashboards cannot fix the underlying connection or permission problem; if Prometheus cannot scrape, Grafana has no data to display.
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