Client-only rendering is a delivery change, not a one-line API swap. First inspect the HTML your browser receives: if it already contains markup produced by React on a server or at build time, keep hydration with hydrateRoot; if the mount element is genuinely empty, render with createRoot. Then move route data deliberately, configure your host to send the SPA entry for deep links, and test the first render, navigation, refreshes and APIs separately.
What “client-only rendering” actually changes
A client-rendered app sends a document and JavaScript to the browser, then lets JavaScript build the React tree. That differs from runtime server-side rendering (SSR), where each request can receive route-specific HTML, and from build-time rendering, where HTML is generated during a build and shipped as a static file.
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The important distinction is the DOM that exists when React starts. React has two different contracts:
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| Initial DOM condition | API | What React does | What you must preserve |
|---|---|---|---|
| The root has no React-generated markup | createRoot |
Creates a client root and clears existing content in that root on its first render | A mount element and JavaScript capable of rendering the app |
| The root contains markup generated by the same React tree on the server or at build time | hydrateRoot |
Attaches event handlers and React state to the existing HTML | Matching output for the server/build render and the first client render |
React documents the API distinction in createRoot and hydrateRoot. Calling createRoot over server HTML can remove that markup and reset interaction state such as focus or scroll. Calling hydrateRoot on an empty or unrelated element cannot hydrate anything useful.
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“Client-only” also does not mean “routing is disabled.” A client router still reads the browser URL, chooses a route, renders links and handles back/forward navigation. What changes is where the initial document and route data come from.
Start with an inventory of the delivered HTML
Do not infer the rendering mode from component code. A component that uses window may still be rendered on a server if that branch is deferred or guarded. Inspect the actual response and the framework entry point before changing it.
- Load the application URL with JavaScript disabled or fetch the document with a tool such as
curl. Find the element used as the React mount point, commonly an element with anidsuch asroot. - Classify the contents of that element. Meaningful page markup, headings or route content indicate server or build output. An empty element with only a script reference indicates a client bootstrap.
- Record route behavior. Test the home page, a nested URL, a direct refresh of that nested URL, an unknown path and any API paths. Note which pages are server-rendered, statically generated or rendered only after JavaScript runs.
- Identify the owner of the entry point. A hand-built app, a bundler template and a framework-controlled entry file have different migration steps. In React Router Framework Mode, the browser entry convention is documented at entry.client.tsx; do not replace that file with a generic snippet without checking the framework.
Capture a copy of the current HTML and the data used for the first render. You will need both when diagnosing a hydration warning later.
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Use createRoot for a genuinely empty root
For a hand-built client app whose HTML contains an empty mount element, the browser entry can render the application directly:
import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
const element = document.getElementById('root');
if (!element) throw new Error('Missing root element');
createRoot(element).render(<App />);The first render replaces the root’s existing contents. That is correct only when those contents are a placeholder that React is supposed to own. If a server template puts meaningful content, an accessibility announcement, or interactive elements in the same root, moving to createRoot discards them.
Keep hydrateRoot when React-generated HTML remains
If the response includes HTML produced from the matching React tree, retain hydration:
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import { hydrateRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
const element = document.getElementById('root');
if (!element) throw new Error('Missing root element');
hydrateRoot(element, <App />);Hydration is not a slower form of client rendering. It is an agreement that the initial client tree describes the existing HTML. React expects the same element structure, text and attributes before it takes over.
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A page can contain a static shell outside the React root and still use createRoot inside an empty mount point. Conversely, a build-generated root document still needs hydrateRoot even though no request-time server rendered it. Decide per root and per delivery path, not by searching for a single “SSR” switch.
Make the first render deterministic wherever hydration remains
React’s hydration reference says to treat mismatches as bugs and fix them. A mismatch can force React to abandon parts of the server tree, produce incorrect attributes or replace the DOM, undermining the reason for sending HTML in the first place. Common causes listed in the React documentation include:
- A
typeof windowbranch that produces different markup on the server and browser. - Reading browser-only APIs, such as
localStorageor viewport measurements, during render. - Different data snapshots between the server/build render and the first client render.
- Formatting dates, numbers or text with a locale or time zone that differs between environments.
- Invalid HTML nesting that browsers repair differently from React’s tree.
- Third-party extensions or scripts that modify the document before hydration.
Move browser-dependent work into an Effect or otherwise render a stable first pass. A two-pass pattern can deliberately render the same placeholder first and replace it after hydration:
function Clock() {
const [client, setClient] = useState(false);
useEffect(() => setClient(true), []);
return <span>{client ? new Date().toLocaleTimeString() : '—'}</span>;
}This avoids a mismatch, but it adds another render and can make the transition visible. Use it for genuinely client-specific output, not as a blanket fix. React describes suppressHydrationWarning as a limited escape hatch for unavoidable differences; applying it broadly hides defects instead of making the trees correct. See the hydrateRoot caveats and React’s production hydration error guidance.
Using React Router Framework Mode as an explicit SPA example
React Router Framework Mode has a documented SPA setting, but it is not a universal React or router API. In that mode, setting ssr: false disables runtime SSR. The build emits an index.html that contains the root document, and the browser hydrates that document as an SPA.
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import type { Config } from '@react-router/dev/config';
export default {
ssr: false,
} satisfies Config;With SPA Mode enabled, the root route is rendered into the generated document. During hydration, the browser URL determines which child route the application displays. A request to /settings still needs to receive the SPA entry; the router cannot run if the host returns a file-system 404 before JavaScript loads.
Provide an initial shell when an empty root would be blank
A purely client-rendered root can show a blank area until the JavaScript bundle downloads and executes. React Router allows a root HydrateFallback for content that should appear in the generated HTML while the application hydrates:
export function HydrateFallback() {
return (
<main aria-busy='true'>
<h1>Loading application…</h1>
</main>
);
}The fallback is a loading shell, not server rendering of every child route. It does not make private data available in the document or remove the need to plan route data. Root loader data can be produced at build time where the framework supports it; pages that need request-specific data require another strategy.
Plan route data and mutations separately from rendering
Changing the document delivery does not automatically move route data into the browser. In React Router SPA Mode, ordinary non-root route loaders are generally unavailable for routes that are not prerendered. The documented client-side alternatives are clientLoader for reads and clientAction for mutations; see the Client Data guide.
Classify every route’s data
- Build-time data: stable navigation labels, public configuration or content that can be embedded into the generated document.
- Browser-fetchable data: data that can be requested after JavaScript starts through
clientLoaderor ordinary browser fetches. - Prerendered data: public pages that should have HTML before JavaScript and can be generated for known paths.
- Request-specific server data: personalized, secret or frequently changing data that may justify retaining runtime SSR or adding an API/backend.
Check security and network assumptions
A browser-side loader exposes its request to the user’s browser. Verify authentication and authorization, cookie or token handling, CORS policy, CSRF protections and whether the API is allowed to reveal the requested fields. The React Router BFF example assumes authentication is handled correctly and that CORS does not block the browser request; those assumptions are not automatic.
Do not put server credentials, database access or private environment variables into a client bundle. If a route needs a server-only secret, keep a server endpoint, use a backend-for-frontend, prerender only non-sensitive content or retain SSR for that route.
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Decide whether data must exist before navigation
Client data can produce a loading transition after a navigation. If a page must be indexable, visible with JavaScript disabled or complete before a user sees the route, assess prerendering or continued SSR rather than forcing every page into a client fetch. React Router’s Pre-Rendering documentation describes combining SPA behavior with selected generated routes.
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Configure hosting so deep links reach the SPA entry
Static hosting normally maps a URL to a file. A client route such as /account/billing is not a file, so a direct request can return 404 even though clicking to that route works after the app is loaded. React Router’s SPA guide states the general rule: direct all application URLs to the client build’s index.html.
Use your host’s documented rewrite or fallback rule to send valid application paths to the SPA entry. The exact syntax differs by host, so do not copy a rule intended for another platform. Keep these exceptions intact:
- JavaScript, CSS, images and other static assets must continue to resolve to their real files.
- API paths must reach the API service rather than the SPA document.
- Health checks, robots files and verification files should retain their intended responses.
- Unknown application paths should follow your router’s 404 route; decide whether the host fallback should send them to the SPA so the app can render that 404.
After deployment, open a nested URL in a new private window and press refresh. This tests the host fallback without relying on an already-loaded client router.
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- Capture a baseline. Save the current document HTML, first-paint behavior, route transitions, form submissions, console output and direct-request results for representative routes.
- Inventory the root and entry owner. Confirm whether the mount node contains React-generated markup and whether a framework controls the browser entry.
- Select the root API. Use
createRootonly for an empty root. KeephydrateRootfor matching server/build markup. - Stabilize the initial tree. Remove browser-only reads from render, align data snapshots and fix invalid nesting before changing deployment.
- Enable framework SPA mode deliberately. In React Router Framework Mode, set
ssr: false, add a root fallback if an initial shell is needed, and identify routes that require prerendering. - Refactor data paths. Move suitable reads and mutations to
clientLoaderandclientAction; provide an authenticated, CORS-compatible API for them. - Install the host fallback. Rewrite application paths to the SPA entry while preserving assets and APIs.
- Build and deploy a staging version. Test with production-like asset paths, compression, caching and environment variables.
- Exercise every navigation mode. Test in-app links, direct opens, refreshes, back/forward buttons, unknown routes, slow networks, failed API calls and submitted forms.
- Compare user-visible behavior. Check the loading shell, focus and scroll restoration, route transition timing, hydration console messages and the content available before JavaScript.
Rendering choices and their trade-offs
| Choice | Direct URL and refresh | Content before client JavaScript | Data availability | Operational cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single client-only SPA | Works when the host rewrites application paths to the SPA entry | Only the document shell or fallback; the root can otherwise be blank | Browser fetches, client loaders and build-time data | Static hosting is simpler, but fallback and API rules must be correct |
| SPA with selected prerendered routes | Generated paths can be served directly; other paths still need the SPA fallback | HTML for selected routes; shell or loading state elsewhere | Build-time data for generated pages and client data for the rest | Build and invalidation rules become more involved |
| Continued runtime SSR | Server resolves each request and route | Request-specific HTML can be sent before hydration | Server loaders and request context remain available | Runtime server infrastructure and its failure modes remain |
These are architectural trade-offs, not measured performance results. React’s createRoot documentation specifically warns that an empty root can leave users staring at a blank page until JavaScript executes. Measure your own first paint, interaction readiness and route latency rather than assuming client-only rendering is faster.
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The first screen is blank
Confirm that the JavaScript bundle loads, the mount element exists, the entry code runs and the root fallback is actually included in the generated document. Inspect network errors and Content Security Policy violations. If the root is intentionally empty, design a build-generated shell or prerender suitable routes instead of claiming the app is available before JavaScript.
Nested URLs return 404 on refresh
The host is serving files but not rewriting application paths to the SPA entry. Add the host-specific fallback, deploy it with the client build and retest a nested URL in a fresh browser context. Check that the fallback does not intercept assets or API paths.
React reports a hydration mismatch
Compare the saved server/build HTML with the first client output. Check time and locale formatting, random values, browser API branches, changed data, invalid nesting and extensions that mutate the page. Fix the differing render path; reserve suppressHydrationWarning for a narrowly understood unavoidable difference.
Markup or focus disappears
If existing root content vanished, the entry probably called createRoot where hydration was required. Restore hydrateRoot for that HTML or remove the server/build markup so the root is truly empty. Then retest focus, scroll position and any pre-hydration interaction.
A route has no data after switching to SPA Mode
Check whether it relied on a non-root route loader that is not available for a non-prerendered SPA route. Move browser-safe work to clientLoader or a fetch, expose a properly secured API, prerender the page or retain server rendering where the data must be available before JavaScript.
Loading behavior feels abrupt
A root HydrateFallback can provide a deliberate shell, but it does not eliminate hydration and client data work. Give the shell stable dimensions, expose busy state accessibly and test slow JavaScript and slow API responses so the transition is understandable.
Quick Recap
Final launch checklist
- The delivered root is classified as empty or React-generated, and the entry uses the corresponding API.
- The first server/build and client trees use the same structure and initial data wherever hydration occurs.
- Browser-only values are deferred intentionally, with no unexplained hydration warnings.
- React Router SPA configuration is limited to the framework example where that framework is actually in use.
- Every route has a documented data source: build-time, client-side, prerendered or server-side.
- Authentication, CORS, CSRF and data exposure have been checked for browser requests.
- The host rewrites application URLs, while assets, APIs and special files remain correctly routed.
- Direct opens, refreshes, client navigation, back/forward, unknown paths and API failures have been tested in production-like conditions.
- First paint, loading shell, focus, scroll, forms and route transitions have been compared with the previous deployment.
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