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How to Make Zero-Training Tabular Predictions with NVIDIA Structured Data Models

By Freedom251 Team · · 6 min read

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NVIDIA Structured Data Models can predict rows in a new tabular dataset without fitting model weights for that dataset. You provide labeled context rows, unlabeled query rows with the same feature columns, and a defined target; the model performs an in-context forward pass and returns class probabilities or numeric predictions. You still need suitable labels, correct semantic types, leakage-safe splits, and holdout evaluation.

What “zero-training” means

Zero-training refers to the absence of per-dataset parameter fitting. Kumo-Tabular’s NIM documentation says no task-specific training, gradient updates, or hyperparameter tuning is needed. NVIDIA’s client description is: “Ask a predictive question of one table, or of a whole relational schema, and get an answer without training a model for each dataset.”

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The model is pretrained. During inference, labeled rows act as context and unlabeled rows act as queries. Every context and query row must use compatible feature columns, and the context rows must include the target values that the model will learn from in context. This is different from sending an unlabeled spreadsheet to a model and expecting it to discover a prediction task automatically.

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Choose the model that matches your data

Model Data shape Tasks and outputs Execution notes
KumoTabular One table Classification returns class probabilities; regression returns numeric predictions. Available through the Structured Data Models library and Kumo Tabular NIM workflows.
TabICLv2 One table Classification and regression using labeled rows as context for held-out rows. Instantiate it for a local in-context task when its version supports your use case.
KumoRelational Several related tables represented as a graph Predictions from a relational schema queried through the relational client/NIM workflow. Use a predictive query that describes the relevant schema and materializes the requested indices.
TabFM Tabular data Task support depends on the deployed version. Confirm supported tasks and licensing before selecting it for production.

For the listed KumoTabular range, NVIDIA identifies 27.46 million to 215.68 million parameters. The official API model table lists a September 28, 2026 release date for KumoTabular. Those figures identify the named model range and release entry; they are not accuracy, latency, or maximum dataset-size guarantees.

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Requirements for local inference

  • Python 3.11 or newer.
  • PyTorch 2.7 or newer for the documented library workflow.
  • A CUDA-capable GPU for the documented GPU execution path.
  • A pandas table with a clearly identified target and feature columns.
  • Enough labeled context rows to represent the prediction problem; zero-training does not mean zero data.

Install structured-data-models for local execution. If you are calling a running NIM endpoint instead, install structured-data-models-client. Pin versions in a reproducible environment and check the release documentation because NIM availability, model versions, parameter ranges, and license terms can change.

Run a single-table prediction locally

  1. Load and inspect the table

    Read the pandas table, identify the target column, check missing values and data types, and separate columns that are available at prediction time from columns created afterward. A classification target must be represented with a categorical semantic type; a regression target must be numeric.

  2. Convert the data to the model representation

    Convert the table to sdm.TableTensor. Let the library infer semantic types when that inference is reliable, or specify them explicitly when identifiers, categories, timestamps, and numeric measurements could otherwise be confused.

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  3. Select the device and model

    Select the CUDA device for the documented GPU workflow, then instantiate sdm.models.TabICLv2 or KumoTabular for a single-table task. The exact constructor and supported options are version-specific, so use the API matching the installed release.

  4. Create context and query sets

    Split the converted table into x_context and y_context for labeled examples, and x_query for rows whose targets you want predicted. Context and query feature columns must match. Do not put the target itself, or a value derived from the future target, in the query features.

  5. Execute the in-context forward pass

    Pass the context and query tensors through the model. The result is a TableTensor; convert it to pandas, Apache Arrow, or cuDF for downstream analysis or storage.

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  6. Reuse work for repeated predictions

    When the same context is used for multiple batches of queries, use the documented fit/predict cache interface where that interface is supported by your selected model and version. This caches the model’s prepared context; it does not train dataset-specific weights.

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Call a hosted NIM endpoint

Hosted inference changes the serving path, not the prediction concept. The client sends a structured predictive request to a running NIM endpoint.

  1. Install structured-data-models-client and configure the NIM URL and authentication required by your deployment.
  2. Create a PredictiveQuery describing the table or relational schema, target, features, and requested prediction indices.
  3. Materialize the requested indices so the service receives the concrete rows needed for the query.
  4. Call SDMClient.predict(request, model=KumoTabular()) for a single table, or use KumoRelational() for a graph of related tables.
  5. Validate the returned schema and prediction types before writing results to a production system.

Hosted NIM capacity, supported model names, context limits, and licensing are deployment-dependent. Verify those values against the NIM release you intend to run rather than assuming that a local library model and a hosted endpoint expose identical limits.

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Use splits that prevent target leakage

Static data

For a static predictive query, the current documentation uses an 80/10/10 split by default. This is a documented partition default, not an accuracy statistic or a recommendation that fits every dataset. Use the context portion to provide labels, reserve validation data for decisions, and keep a final holdout for an unbiased estimate of the workflow you will deploy.

Temporal data

Temporal queries require ordered, non-overlapping splits. A prediction at time t may access only rows and aggregates available before t. Choose each aggregation horizon and anchor time explicitly: a window that reaches into the future leaks information even if the feature name looks innocuous. Rebuild the same time-aware construction for validation and production scoring.

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  • Sort events by their prediction timestamp before creating splits.
  • Keep training or context rows earlier than validation rows, and validation rows earlier than final-test rows.
  • Define whether an event occurring exactly at the anchor time is available; apply that rule consistently.
  • Inspect every engineered aggregate for records whose timestamps fall after the prediction anchor.

What the output tells you—and what it does not

For classification, KumoTabular returns a probability for each supported class. Select a decision threshold using validation data rather than assuming 0.5 is appropriate. For regression, it returns numeric predictions that still require domain-specific error measures and sanity checks.

A model that requires no gradient updates can still be unsuitable for a task with weak labels, a target unavailable at scoring time, severe distribution shift, or a schema the selected version does not support. Evaluate predictions on held-out rows and compare them with a simple baseline. NVIDIA’s general workflow documentation does not provide one universal accuracy number, so any performance claim must be tied to a particular dataset, model version, split, and metric.

Practical selection checklist

  • Use KumoTabular or TabICLv2 when the prediction question is contained in one table.
  • Use KumoRelational when the answer depends on multiple related tables and their graph structure.
  • Confirm whether your task is classification or regression before assigning the target semantic type.
  • Choose local GPU execution when you need control over data handling and can meet the Python, PyTorch, and CUDA requirements.
  • Choose NIM serving when an operational endpoint, centralized deployment, or client-based integration is more important than local execution.
  • Check context-size, latency, licensing, and task-support details for the exact version; they are not established by the model names alone.

Bottom line

NVIDIA’s structured-data models make tabular inference immediate in the narrow but useful sense that you do not fit a new model for every dataset. The reliable recipe is to supply correctly typed labeled context rows, matching query features, and a leakage-safe split, then run the appropriate local or NIM in-context API. Treat semantic validation and holdout evaluation as mandatory parts of the workflow, not optional training substitutes.

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foundation modelsin-context learningKumoTabularNIMNVIDIATabICLv2tabular machine learning

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