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What an ADR is—and what it is not
An ADR records an architecturally significant choice and the reasoning around it. A future reader should be able to answer four questions without reconstructing a meeting from chat logs:
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- What did the team decide?
- Why was that decision sensible under the constraints at the time?
- What alternatives and trade-offs were considered?
- Is the decision still active, and if not, what replaced it?
Use an ADR when a choice affects functional requirements, non-functional qualities, system structure, or the direction of later work. Examples include selecting a data-storage pattern, defining a service boundary, choosing an integration style, or accepting a reliability-versus-cost trade-off. A small implementation note, API comment, or routine refactoring does not need its own ADR unless its rationale will matter to future architectural work.
An ADR is not a design specification, a meeting transcript, or a task tracker. Supporting diagrams, benchmarks, tickets, and detailed implementation notes can live elsewhere and be linked from the record. The ADR should preserve the decision and its rationale in a form that remains understandable after the original participants have moved on.
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Keep each record about one decision
State the decision before the background
Start with a title that names the choice, not the project. “Use asynchronous events for order fulfillment” is more useful than “Order architecture.” Put the status and the decision near the top so a reader can scan the answer before reading the explanation. Martin Fowler’s guidance is explicit: “The most important thing to bear in mind here is brevity.” His Architecture Decision Record article, dated 24 March 2026, also recommends putting the important material at the beginning.
Separate related choices
If one discussion produces several independently reversible choices, create separate ADRs and link them. For example, the decision to use events, the decision to retain an event log, and the decision to choose a particular serialization format may have different owners, consequences, and replacement dates. Combining them creates a record that is difficult to supersede: changing one part makes the status of the other parts ambiguous.
Give the record a durable identity
Use a stable identifier and predictable filename. Sequential names such as 0007-use-events-for-order-updates.md make links and directory listings easy to understand. If the team uses categories, agree whether numbers are unique across the entire collection or only within a category. Categorization can help navigation in a large repository, but category-local identifiers can confuse readers who move between sections.
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Use a compact, consistent ADR structure
A team does not need one universal template. MADR, the Nygard format, and Y-Statement are established alternatives with different emphases. The best template is the one people can complete consistently and readers can interpret without training. MADR’s 4.0.0 release was recorded on 17 September 2024 and provides both minimal and fuller templates.
A practical minimum is:
| Section | What to record | Why it helps later readers |
|---|---|---|
| Title and identifier | The single choice, with a stable number or slug. | Enables precise links and prevents several decisions from being hidden in one page. |
| Status | A locally defined lifecycle state such as proposed, accepted, superseded, deprecated, or rejected. | Tells readers whether the choice governs current work. |
| Context and problem | The need, constraints, assumptions, and quality attributes that made a decision necessary. | Explains why the choice made sense rather than presenting it as a timeless rule. |
| Decision | The option the team selected, stated directly. | Provides the answer a reader is looking for. |
| Options and trade-offs | Serious alternatives and concise pros and cons. | Prevents future teams from reopening options without knowing why they were rejected. |
| Consequences | What becomes easier, harder, faster, slower, safer, or more expensive. | Shows the obligations created by the choice. |
| Review trigger | A change in product context, requirement, dependency, scale, or assumption that should prompt reconsideration. | Creates a useful signal without inventing a universal review calendar. |
| Links and relationships | Superseded or successor ADRs and supporting evidence. | Lets readers follow the decision’s history and verify details. |
Add decision makers, consulted or informed people, confidence, confirmation dates, or implementation links only when they help the team use the log. Extra fields that nobody maintains make every record less trustworthy. If the team uses an advice process, summarize the advice and link to the discussion instead of copying a conversational transcript into the ADR.
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Make status meaningful throughout the lifecycle
Status is useful only when the team applies the vocabulary consistently. MADR lists examples including proposed, rejected, accepted, deprecated, and superseded. Fowler commonly explains a simpler proposed–accepted–superseded lifecycle. Choose terms that fit your workflow and define them in a short contributor guide.
| Status | Meaning | Expected action |
|---|---|---|
| Proposed | The decision is under discussion and does not yet govern implementation. | Invite review, record unresolved assumptions, and change the status only after the decision is made. |
| Accepted | The team has agreed that this choice governs the stated scope. | Use it as the historical record of the decision and link it from relevant guidance. |
| Rejected | The option or proposal was considered and deliberately not adopted. | Keep the rationale so the same option is not reconsidered without new evidence. |
| Deprecated | The decision is discouraged or being phased out, but may still exist in part of the system. | Describe the scope and migration expectation if one exists. |
| Superseded | A later ADR has replaced the decision for the relevant scope. | Link the successor and state whether any portion remains applicable. |
Do not use “accepted” to mean “still current” unless your team explicitly defines it that way. An accepted ADR can later become superseded or deprecated. If a decision applies only to one product, region, or deployment mode, say so in the status or scope rather than implying that it governs the entire organization.
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Should you edit an accepted ADR when the decision changes?
For a material change, leave the accepted ADR’s decision and rationale intact. Create a new ADR, link it as the successor, and update the old record’s status to superseded or deprecated. Martin Fowler’s wording is direct: “They should not be modified if the decision is changed, but linked to a superseding decision.”
This is historical versioning, not a ban on correcting errors. Fix a broken link, spelling mistake, or formatting defect in place if the correction does not alter what was decided or why. If a factual correction changes the meaning of the original rationale, make the change visible in the repository history and explain it in a note or follow-up ADR rather than silently rewriting the past.
What belongs in the successor ADR
The new record should describe the new context, the decision now in force, and the evidence that made the old choice unsuitable. Link back to the superseded ADR and identify the boundary of the change: a complete replacement, a narrower scope, or an exception. The old record should link forward to the successor. Reciprocal links make navigation work from either end.
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How to know whether an ADR is still current
There is no source-backed universal interval such as a quarterly or annual ADR review. A calendar-only exercise can create noise and encourage people to re-approve decisions without examining their assumptions. Review status when work touches the affected architecture or when an explicit trigger occurs.
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- A product requirement or regulatory obligation changes.
- Traffic, data volume, latency, availability, or threat assumptions move outside the range described in the ADR.
- A dependency, platform, license, or managed service changes materially.
- The team discovers a consequence that was omitted or is materially different from the record.
- A migration, incident, or cost review exposes a trade-off that no longer fits the product.
- A new ADR proposes a choice that overlaps the record’s scope.
- Ownership changes and the people maintaining the affected system can no longer explain the rationale.
Run a current-status check during ordinary work
- Open the ADR linked from the component, service, or design proposal.
- Check the status and scope. Confirm that the choice actually applies to the system being changed.
- Look for a later ADR that supersedes, deprecates, narrows, or extends it.
- Compare the context and assumptions with the current product and technical conditions.
- If the decision still fits, leave the ADR unchanged. If a trigger invalidates it, open a successor ADR and connect the records.
Record a confidence level or a short “reconsider when” statement when uncertainty is important. A review trigger is more actionable than a vague instruction to “revisit later.”
Where should architecture decision records live?
One codebase
For a decision tied to one application, a versioned Markdown file in that application’s source repository is often the simplest option. A directory such as docs/decisions keeps records close to the code, lets pull requests review them, and preserves history alongside implementation changes. Repository storage is a poor fit if the people who must maintain or read the decision cannot access the repository.
Several repositories or a shared ecosystem
A platform-wide decision may need a shared documentation repository, an internal documentation site, or another location with clear ownership. Choose a place where developers and non-developers can find the record and where edits retain history. Avoid copying the same ADR into several repositories: duplicates drift and make it unclear which version governs. Link to one canonical record, or state clearly which repository is authoritative.
Choose storage against the real audience
Compare the options on scope, access, version history, discoverability, workflow fit, and maintenance cost. The sources describe multiple approaches but do not establish one universally best repository or publication system.
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| Approach | Strengths | Risks and conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Application repository | Natural code review, diffs, ownership, and proximity to implementation. | Harder for people without repository access; cross-repository decisions are fragmented. |
| Shared architecture repository | Central navigation and visibility across products. | Needs explicit ownership, access rules, and links back to affected codebases. |
| Published documentation site | Readable rendering and organization for a broad audience. | Must preserve source history and keep the publishing pipeline and permissions maintained. |
| Cross-repository catalog | Searches decisions across multiple teams without duplicating their source files. | Requires dependable indexing, metadata, authentication, and ongoing compatibility work. |
Make a large ADR collection easy to find
A directory that works for twenty records can become unusable at several hundred. Discovery is a maintenance feature, not a cosmetic improvement.
Use predictable names and metadata
- Use one filename pattern, such as an identifier followed by a short decision slug.
- Keep titles specific enough to distinguish similar choices.
- Put status, scope, owners, and successor links in consistent locations.
- Use categories only when they reflect a stable way readers ask for information.
Maintain an index
An index can list identifier, title, status, scope, and links to successors. Update it in the same change as a new or superseded ADR. The ADR organization’s tooling directory lists adr-log as an example for keeping an index updated, Log4brains as an example of rendering and command-line creation, and a Backstage ADR plugin as an example of cross-repository search. These are examples, not universal recommendations; check each project’s current maintenance, compatibility, security, authentication, and ownership before adopting it. The tooling directory was updated on 23 September 2026, so availability and capabilities can change.
Provide search that matches reader behavior
Search should cover titles, status, system names, quality attributes, and alternative technologies, not only filenames. A rendered site can improve reading, while the repository remains the source of truth for diffs and history. Make sure search results expose superseded status so an old record does not appear to be current simply because its title matches the query.
Show alternatives, trade-offs, and consequences
A decision without alternatives looks arbitrary. Record the serious options that could reasonably have won, not every idea mentioned in a meeting. For each option, summarize the decisive benefits and costs in the context that existed when the choice was made.
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Keep detailed measurements and experiments in linked documents. The ADR needs enough information to explain the trade-off, but not a transcript or a full benchmark report. If an alternative was rejected because an assumption later changes, that recorded rationale gives the successor ADR a clear starting point.
A maintenance workflow that teams can repeat
- Identify the architectural decision. Confirm that the choice has durable impact on architecture or quality attributes and is not merely an implementation detail.
- Create a proposed ADR. Assign an identifier, use the standard filename, and state the problem and scope before debating wording.
- Write the decision and context together. Capture the constraints and assumptions that make the choice understandable to someone outside the original conversation.
- Record serious alternatives. Add concise pros and cons, including the consequence that ruled each option out.
- Discuss and revise in the team’s normal workflow. Use a pull request, design review, or advice process; link detailed discussion rather than copying it wholesale.
- Accept the record when the choice is made. Set the agreed status, identify the decision makers when useful, and link supporting evidence.
- Connect implementation and documentation. Link the ADR from relevant design or code documentation so future changes start with the rationale.
- Watch for review triggers. Recheck the record when the affected architecture changes, not merely because a date on a calendar arrived.
- Supersede rather than rewrite. When the choice materially changes, create a successor, update the old status, and add reciprocal links.
- Keep discovery artifacts current. Update indexes, rendered views, categories, and search metadata in the same change as the ADR.
Common failure modes and how to fix them
The ADR is a wall of meeting notes
Symptom: Readers cannot find the decision among arguments and timestamps.
Fix: Move the decision, status, context, and consequences to the top. Link to the conversation for detail.
The record says what was chosen but not why
Symptom: A later team reopens the same debate because the original constraints are invisible.
Fix: Add the problem, assumptions, quality attributes, serious alternatives, and the trade-off that determined the outcome.
An old ADR appears to be current
Symptom: Search returns an accepted record even though implementation follows a newer approach.
Fix: Mark the old record superseded or deprecated, link the successor in both directions, and expose status in the index and rendered view.
One ADR contains a whole program’s decisions
Symptom: A change to one choice makes the document’s status and rationale ambiguous.
Fix: Split independently meaningful decisions into separate records and link their relationships.
The template is too elaborate to maintain
Symptom: Records contain empty fields or teams postpone writing them until the rationale is lost.
Fix: Keep the required fields to title, status, context, decision, and consequences. Make alternatives, review triggers, owners, and confidence conditional on their value.
The index has become a second source of truth
Symptom: A title or status differs between the ADR and its catalog entry.
Fix: Generate the index where practical, or require index changes in the same pull request and assign an owner for consistency checks.
A quick quality check before publishing
- Can a new team member state the decision after reading the first screen?
- Is the record limited to one architectural choice?
- Are the context, constraints, and assumptions specific enough to explain the choice?
- Are serious alternatives and their decisive trade-offs recorded?
- Does the consequence section include new burdens as well as benefits?
- Is the status unambiguous and applied consistently with other ADRs?
- Is there a concrete trigger for reconsideration where assumptions are uncertain?
- Are links to supporting material and related ADRs valid?
- Would a reader know which record governs if two decisions overlap?
- Can the intended audience access, search, and contribute to the canonical location?
The principle to preserve
An ADR is most valuable as an accurate historical signpost: brief enough to scan, specific enough to explain the choice, and connected to the next decision when circumstances change. Treat accepted records as history, make current status visible, and let explicit architectural triggers—not silent edits or arbitrary review dates—determine when a new decision is needed.
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