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Start with a living, cross-functional cryptographic inventory—not a list of algorithms. Map every cryptographic dependency to the system, service, device, data flow and supplier that use it; record who owns it, what it protects, how long confidentiality is required and how difficult it will be to change. Then use that evidence to rank systems and build a migration sequence.
Automated discovery is necessary but incomplete. Combine network and endpoint scanning with source-code and dependency analysis, cloud and asset records, and direct vendor disclosures. Products can contain cryptography that enterprise scanners cannot inspect, so supplier evidence is part of the inventory, not an optional procurement exercise.
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What a cryptographic inventory must answer
A useful inventory explains where cryptography is used and why it matters. For every finding, a reviewer should be able to answer:
- Which system, application, device, service or data flow is involved?
- Which algorithm, protocol, library, certificate or key type is being used, and for what purpose?
- Who owns the component and which business service depends on it?
- What data or operational function does it protect?
- How sensitive is that data, how critical is the service and how long must confidentiality last?
- Is the component exposed outside the organization, supplied by a third party or embedded in software or firmware?
- What evidence supports the entry, and what change, upgrade or compensating control is possible?
Keep secret key material out of the inventory. Record key metadata—such as key type, owner, associated algorithm, application, expiry and lifecycle status—without copying private keys or other secrets into a tracking system. The result is a cybersecurity risk-management asset that changes as systems, code, certificates and suppliers change.
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Set scope and ownership before scanning
Include IT and operational technology
Begin with both information technology and operational technology. Include data centers, endpoints, servers, mobile and edge devices, industrial control systems, embedded equipment, cloud services, software-as-a-service applications, development pipelines, backup systems and externally reachable services. Define the business units, environments, geographic boundaries and data classes that are in scope. Write down exclusions and the reason for each; an undocumented exclusion will later look like an accidental blind spot.
Give the inventory a clear owner
Assign one accountable owner for the inventory and named contributors for each environment. Security architecture can define fields and evidence standards; infrastructure and application teams can explain dependencies; OT engineers can identify safety and availability constraints; privacy and risk managers can classify exposure and retention requirements; procurement and legal teams can obtain supplier disclosures and check contract rights. A steering group should approve prioritization rules and resolve conflicting ownership.
Define the unit you will track
Choose a stable unit such as a system, service, device, application or data flow, then allow multiple cryptographic findings beneath it. This prevents one server with five protocols from becoming either five disconnected records or one vague “encrypted” label. Give every record a durable identifier that can be correlated with your configuration-management database, identity records, endpoint tools and risk register.
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Discover cryptography from complementary evidence sources
No single scan sees an entire enterprise. Use several discovery angles and reconcile their results rather than treating one tool’s output as complete.
Network protocols and public-facing services
Enumerate TLS, SSH, VPN, IPsec, secure email, directory, database, storage and application protocols. Scan internet-facing addresses and internal segments separately because policy, versions and exposure differ. Record negotiated protocol versions, cipher suites, public-key algorithms, certificate chains, key exchange methods and service owners. Flag quantum-vulnerable public-key use, but retain relevant symmetric algorithms and hash functions so the inventory describes the complete dependency and not only the first migration target.
Network evidence is strongest for an active listener. It may miss dormant services, mutually authenticated clients, encrypted connections inside an application, traffic that a scanner cannot decrypt, and devices that are offline during the scan. Preserve scan date, vantage point and authentication level with each result.
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Endpoints, servers, firmware and update paths
Inspect installed applications, shared libraries, operating-system cryptographic providers, firmware, boot components, update packages and signing mechanisms. Include laptops, servers, virtual machines, containers, appliances, printers, cameras, sensors and industrial controllers. An update channel can be a critical dependency even when the device’s normal network traffic is not visible: a vendor signature or certificate may determine whether emergency patches can be installed.
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Search source repositories, build manifests, package-lock files, container images, binaries and configuration management. Identify direct calls to cryptographic APIs as well as libraries that provide encryption, signatures, key exchange, certificate validation, random-number generation or token protection. Record the application version and the dependency version; a library name without a version cannot support a migration decision. Include test, staging and disaster-recovery environments because they often use different certificates or algorithms.
CI/CD and software supply chains
Add cryptographic checks to build and release pipelines. Scan source code and dependencies, generate software bills of materials where available, and trace signing keys, certificate authorities and artifact repositories. Link a finding to the release process that must change, not merely to the repository. A migration can fail if production supports a new algorithm but the build system, package signer or deployment controller does not.
Cloud services and managed platforms
Inventory cloud load balancers, key-management services, managed databases, object storage, identity platforms, service meshes, API gateways, backup services and hosted email. Capture provider, region, tenant or account, configuration owner and the provider’s available algorithm and certificate options. Ask how configuration changes propagate, whether old keys or certificates remain in backups, and what export or replacement path exists if the service lacks a required post-quantum option.
Existing asset and security records
Correlate discovery with configuration-management databases, identity and access-management records, endpoint detection and response data, vulnerability inventories and continuous diagnostics and mitigation records. Existing records add ownership, business criticality and lifecycle state that a protocol scan cannot infer. Treat them as corroborating evidence: an asset marked “retired” may still answer on a network, while an asset record may omit a temporary cloud service.
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Ask suppliers to disclose cryptography embedded in products, firmware, libraries, hosted services and support tools, especially where your scanners cannot inspect internals. Request the algorithms and purposes, certificate and key-management model, component versions, dependency on hardware security modules, replacement mechanism, planned post-quantum support, test milestones, upgrade commitments and expected customer costs. Require the response to identify subcontracted or white-label components. Keep the supplier’s statement and its date as evidence, with an owner responsible for revalidation.
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Use a record schema that supports decisions
The following fields are a practical minimum. Add organization-specific fields for safety, regulatory obligations and recovery objectives.
| Field group | What to record | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Asset identity | System or service ID, name, environment, location, account or tenant, version and lifecycle state | Provides a stable object for ownership and change tracking |
| Ownership | Business owner, technical owner, security contact and supplier | Identifies who can approve and execute a change |
| Cryptographic use | Algorithm, key type, protocol or service, library or provider, operation (encryption, signature, authentication, key exchange or hashing) | Shows the exact dependency and migration concern |
| Key and certificate metadata | Key owner, associated algorithm, certificate subject and chain, issuer, creation and expiration dates, rotation and revocation status, lifecycle state | Reveals renewal and replacement work without storing secret material |
| Dependencies | Upstream and downstream applications, APIs, devices, identity systems, build jobs and update channels | Prevents a local change from breaking a larger service |
| Protected subject | Data class, business process, records retained, operational function and confidentiality requirement | Connects cryptography to impact and protection lifetime |
| Exposure | Internet-facing, partner-facing, internal-only, segmented OT, remote-access path or unknown | Helps identify attack opportunity and urgency |
| Evidence | Scanner name and date, configuration export, code location, supplier statement, reviewer and confidence | Makes findings auditable and highlights gaps to verify |
| Migration state | Current status, target approach, blockers, test owner, planned change window, rollback method and estimated effort | Turns discovery into an executable roadmap |
Record uncertainty explicitly. “Algorithm not determined—vendor response pending” is more useful than an apparently precise guess. Keep the inventory separate from vaults and key-management systems, and link to those systems by identifier or reference rather than exporting secrets.
A step-by-step inventory workflow
- Approve scope and risk criteria. List environments, business services, data classes, OT zones, suppliers and external exposure. Define what counts as a finding, the evidence required for closure and the fields that cannot contain secrets.
- Build a seed asset list. Export systems, applications, devices, cloud accounts, certificates, domains, repositories, pipelines and suppliers from existing records. Normalize names and assign stable identifiers before adding scan results.
- Run network discovery. Scan external and internal segments with appropriate authorization. Capture protocols, versions, cipher suites, certificates, public-key algorithms and service banners, along with scan conditions and timestamps.
- Inspect hosts and software. Use endpoint and server telemetry, package manifests, firmware inventories, configuration files and application analysis. Search source and binaries for cryptographic APIs, embedded certificates, signing code and hard-coded algorithm choices.
- Analyze build and cloud environments. Scan CI/CD repositories, dependencies, container images and artifact-signing paths. Export configurations from cloud load balancers, key-management services, identity systems, databases, storage and backups.
- Request supplier evidence. Send a consistent questionnaire to product and service providers. Ask for embedded cryptography, component versions, certificate and key handling, post-quantum plans, upgrade paths, test dates and cost assumptions. Record nonresponses as risk items.
- Correlate and de-duplicate. Match findings to asset IDs, owners and business services. Resolve conflicts such as different versions reported by a scanner and a configuration database. Preserve the original evidence and mark the trusted value and confidence.
- Map protection to data and processes. For each cryptographic use, identify the protected information or operational function, sensitivity, retention period, confidentiality lifetime, outside access and recovery requirement.
- Validate with system owners. Review high-impact and ambiguous records with application, infrastructure, OT and supplier contacts. Confirm whether a finding is active, dormant, test-only, inherited from a platform or already scheduled for replacement.
- Approve priorities and actions. Put each record into a migration, compensating-control, monitoring or accepted-risk track. Assign an owner, target milestone, test environment and rollback plan.
Prioritize systems by impact and confidentiality lifetime
Feed the inventory into the organization’s normal risk assessment. A practical ranking considers several dimensions rather than labeling every use of a quantum-vulnerable algorithm equally urgent.
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|---|---|---|
| Business and safety impact | Failure could stop a critical service, threaten safety, breach obligations or disrupt industrial control | What happens if authentication, updates or data access fails during migration? |
| Data sensitivity | Records contain regulated, personal, strategic or proprietary information | What harm follows from disclosure or forged authenticity? |
| Confidentiality lifetime | Data must remain secret for years or decades | Could an adversary capture ciphertext now and decrypt it later? |
| External exposure | Services, datasets or management paths are reachable by outsiders or partners | Can an attacker collect traffic or submit crafted credentials today? |
| Supply-chain dependence | A supplier controls firmware, libraries, hosted functions or upgrade timing | Can the organization replace or update the component independently? |
| Migration effort | Change requires hardware replacement, protocol redesign, certification or coordinated downtime | How long are procurement, testing and operational approvals likely to take? |
| Custom or legacy technology | There is no supported upgrade path or the original developers are unavailable | What compensating control or replacement project is feasible? |
Prioritize high-impact systems, industrial control systems, critical-infrastructure processes and long-lived secrets first. A lower-impact public website may be easier to change, but it should not displace a legacy device that protects decades of sensitive records or controls a safety-critical process. Separate urgency from effort: a difficult system may need early engineering discovery even if its production cutover occurs later.
Tools named in NIST guidance—and how to evaluate them
NIST’s migration FAQ presents the following as examples, not an exhaustive catalog or an endorsement ranking. Confirm current availability, supported environments, data handling, maintenance and product status directly with each provider.
| Category | Examples identified by NIST | Typical use in an inventory |
|---|---|---|
| Open-source network and certificate tools | pqcscan for SSH and TLS servers; sslscan2 for SSL/TLS cipher-suite discovery; crt.sh for certificates associated with a domain or organization; CyberZero PQC Edge Scanner for public-edge transition signals | Find externally visible protocols, algorithms, certificates and edge exposure |
| NCCoE collaborator tools | SandboxAQ AQtive Guard, Data-Warehouse PCert, Keyfactor AgileSec, Cisco Mercury, Tychon Cryptographic Inventory and CodeQL | Support broader discovery, certificate or code analysis depending on each tool’s current capabilities |
| Central tracking | PQC Coalition’s PQC Inventory Workbook | Provide a starting structure for system- or asset-level migration tracking |
Evaluate any option against the same criteria: coverage of network, endpoint, source-code and CI/CD, cloud and embedded-product cryptography; ability to identify algorithm and purpose; integration with asset, identity, endpoint and risk records; deployment and data-handling requirements; evidence export; inventory maintenance; supplier support and roadmap; and total cost. NIST’s examples do not establish complete enterprise discovery or comparative performance for any product.
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Close the gaps scanners cannot see
Discovery tools can identify instances and sometimes infer algorithms and purposes, but they may not inspect proprietary firmware, closed appliances, hardware accelerators, encrypted application payloads or cryptography compiled into a supplier product. Treat an unreported component as “unknown,” not “free of cryptography.”
Supplier questionnaire essentials
- List every cryptographic algorithm, protocol, library, hardware module and certificate authority included or required.
- Identify which functions use public-key encryption, signatures or key exchange and which use symmetric encryption or hashes.
- Provide component and dependency versions, end-of-support dates and a method to verify the list.
- Explain key generation, storage, rotation, revocation, backup and destruction, without disclosing customer secrets.
- State whether the product supports algorithm agility, configurable providers or hybrid transition modes.
- Give a post-quantum testing timeline, product integration plan, upgrade commitment, certification implications and expected customer work or cost.
- Describe dependencies on subcontractors, cloud platforms, hardware security modules and remote support channels.
Attach the response to the relevant inventory records, note the respondent and date, and set a review trigger for major releases, contract renewals or material changes. A supplier that cannot answer should receive a risk treatment and an escalation owner.
Turn findings into a migration roadmap
Group work by dependency, not only by algorithm
Sequence projects around shared certificate authorities, identity services, libraries, protocol gateways, signing infrastructure and vendor platforms. Replacing a common service can remove many findings, while changing one isolated algorithm in a tightly coupled device may require a separate engineering project.
Use staged work packages
- Prepare: fix ownership, improve evidence quality, establish algorithm-agility requirements and create test environments.
- Protect long-lived secrets: address data that must remain confidential for many years, including captured traffic and archived records.
- Pilot: test candidate configurations with representative clients, servers, devices, certificate chains, performance limits and fallback behavior.
- Modernize: upgrade or replace high-impact systems, supplier products, custom legacy components and OT equipment according to validated dependencies.
- Retire and verify: remove obsolete algorithms, certificates and services, confirm that backups and disaster-recovery procedures are updated, and rescan for residual use.
For every work package, document the target state, affected assets, owner, prerequisites, test evidence, change window, rollback method, supplier commitment and acceptance criteria. Include cloud-provider configuration changes and application updates as standards and products evolve.
Keep the inventory current
There is no universal refresh interval prescribed in the cited NIST material. Choose a cadence based on change velocity and risk, then define event-driven updates for new assets, major software releases, certificate issuance or renewal, supplier changes, cloud-account creation, firmware updates and incident response. Reconcile automated feeds with owner attestations and supplier statements. Track stale records and unresolved “unknown” values as risks rather than silently carrying them forward.
Measure inventory quality with operational indicators such as the proportion of in-scope assets with owners, the proportion of findings linked to protected data, the number of supplier responses pending, the age of the last evidence and the number of high-priority systems with tested migration or compensating-control plans. These indicators assess readiness; they are not a claim that any scanner has complete coverage.
Standards and timing context
NIST’s overview page “What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography?” says its first three finalized post-quantum standards were released in 2024 and recommends that technology managers inventory systems using encryption. That page was updated February 27, 2026. NIST mathematician Dustin Moody, who heads the post-quantum standardization project, has said: “We encourage organizations to begin their transition to these standards immediately to ensure their data remains secure in the quantum era.”
NIST IR 8547, “Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards,” was published November 12, 2024 as an initial public draft; its comment period closed January 10, 2025, with a planning note dated January 21, 2025. Treat it as a draft planning source and verify its current status on NIST’s publication page before relying on any timeline. NIST SP 1800-38B is also a preliminary draft focused on cryptographic discovery. It describes a functional test plan, use case, multifaceted discovery approach and high-level architecture, while warning that the draft is incomplete and expected to change.
Common failure modes and recovery actions
“We scanned the perimeter, so we are done.”
Perimeter scans miss internal protocols, offline devices, source-code dependencies and embedded product cryptography. Add authenticated host and code analysis, cloud exports, OT participation and supplier questionnaires.
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Remove secret material immediately and rotate any key that may have been exposed. Keep only metadata and references to approved key-management or certificate systems.
“Every finding is marked critical.”
Apply impact, sensitivity, confidentiality lifetime, exposure, supply-chain dependence and migration effort. A ranked queue gives engineering and procurement a defensible sequence.
“A supplier says the product is quantum-safe.”
Request the exact algorithms, versions, protocols, configuration, evidence, upgrade path and definition of “safe.” Record what is verified and what remains unsubstantiated.
“The scan found an old algorithm that the owner says is unused.”
Check configuration, process tables, logs, package contents and scheduled jobs. Mark the finding dormant only after an owner supplies evidence and a plan to remove or monitor it.
“A migration works in the lab but breaks production.”
Recreate certificate chains, client populations, proxies, hardware limits, latency, backup restoration and rollback conditions. Include dependent applications and update channels in the test plan, not only the endpoint being changed.
What a finished inventory delivers
At completion, leadership should be able to see which cryptographic uses protect the most important systems and longest-lived secrets, which suppliers control the migration path, where evidence is missing, and what work must happen first. Engineering teams should have asset-level owners, dependencies, test conditions and rollback plans rather than a generic mandate to “be quantum ready.” That is the practical value of inventorying before migration: it converts an uncertain enterprise-wide problem into a traceable set of decisions.
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