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A prompt that says “be careful” is not an access control. The connected account, authorization service, or policy gateway must enforce the limits on every request.
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Why account access is a special AI security problem
An ordinary integration can be risky when it has excessive permissions. An agent adds another combination: it can see private information, process content supplied by other people, and call tools that change data or communicate externally. Email, web pages, documents, tickets, logs, and tool descriptions can contain instructions that attempt to redirect the agent. OWASP describes these as direct or indirect prompt-injection and tool-abuse risks.
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For example, an agent asked to summarize a mailbox may encounter a message that tells it to forward other messages to an attacker. If the same identity can read the mailbox and send mail, the malicious text is trying to turn a read task into an external action. The agent may also be tricked into exposing data through a tool that was never intended for that purpose.
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The practical objective is not to prove that an agent can never be manipulated. It is to make manipulation less likely and less damaging:
- Limit the data the identity can reach.
- Limit operations to those the task genuinely needs.
- Keep credentials and tokens invisible to the model.
- Require a separate approval for high-impact actions.
- Make the grant attributable, observable, short-lived where possible, and easy to revoke.
OWASP summarizes the principle as: “The guiding principle is least agency: give an agent only the autonomy, tools, and access its task requires, for only as long as it needs them.”
Start with the exact task, data, and action boundary
Before connecting an account, write a one-sentence specification that names the account, the resources, the data needed, and every permitted action. Avoid a broad goal such as “manage my email.” A useful specification says something like “read new messages in the support mailbox, extract order numbers, and return a report; do not send, delete, move, forward, or mark messages.”
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| Task | Data access | Allowed operation | What should remain disabled |
|---|---|---|---|
| Summarize a mailbox | Messages in one named mailbox or folder | Read message content and metadata | Send, forward, delete, move, change rules, or change sharing |
| Draft a reply | The selected conversation and any approved reference data | Create a draft | Automatic send, external forwarding, deletion, and mailbox-wide search |
| Prepare a cloud report | Specified resources or records | Read and calculate | Write, permission changes, billing changes, and account administration |
| Update a project record | One project or record type | Change named fields after approval | Bulk export, deletion, role changes, and access to unrelated projects |
This is the least-functionality approach recommended in OWASP’s excessive-agency guidance. If the task can return a draft or proposed change for review, do that instead of granting automatic execution.
Separate read, draft, and commit stages
Many workflows can be divided into three identities or tool sets:
- Read: retrieve only the information needed to prepare an answer or proposal.
- Draft: create a non-public draft, preview, or change set.
- Commit: perform the external action only after an explicit approval and a fresh authorization check.
The agent can complete the first two stages without being able to publish the result. This separation is often more useful than trying to make a single all-purpose agent “behave.”
Use a delegated identity instead of your password
Do not give an agent your normal account password. Password sharing gives the agent the same broad authority as the person, makes activity harder to attribute, and often leaves no clean way to revoke only the agent’s access. It can also expose a reusable secret through chat history, prompts, configuration, shell history, or logs.
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When the service supports it, use its authorization flow—typically an OAuth-based delegated or application grant—and create an identity dedicated to the agent or integration. OWASP recommends attributable, revocable identities and task-scoped, short-lived tokens. NIST’s September 2026 guidance on agent identity likewise emphasizes tight scope and audience restrictions rather than broad, static credentials.
Properties to require from the grant
- Resource scope: identify the mailbox, folder, project, tenant, database, or other resource instead of granting an entire account when the service permits narrower selection.
- Action scope: distinguish read from write, draft from send, and ordinary updates from administration.
- Audience restriction: make the token valid only for the intended service or API.
- Lifetime: prefer a short validity period or a grant that can be renewed under policy rather than a permanent token.
- Attribution: use an identity whose activity can be distinguished from the person’s own actions.
- Revocation: ensure an administrator or owner can remove the grant independently of the agent.
Exact labels differ by service. A consumer account may expose only coarse permissions, while an enterprise platform may offer resource-specific consent and administrative review. Never assume that an OAuth screen automatically means the permission is narrow.
Keep passwords, tokens, and keys out of model-visible content
Even a correctly scoped credential can be stolen if the model can read it. Do not paste or place reusable passwords, refresh tokens, API keys, production credentials, or private keys in:
- Chat messages, system prompts, or agent instructions.
- Documents, spreadsheets, tickets, emails, or web pages the agent can retrieve.
- Agent configuration files, markdown notes, shell history, or command arguments.
- Environment files such as
.envthat are inside the agent’s readable workspace. - Application logs, error reports, traces, or tool outputs.
OWASP warns that injected instructions can expose process environments and configuration files. NIST notes that keys and bearer tokens may appear in configuration, markdown, and logs. A bearer token should be treated as usable by whoever obtains it; hiding its name does not make it safe.
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If a connector needs a credential, let the supported authorization flow or a controlled credential broker hold it. The agent should receive a narrowly defined tool operation—such as “list messages in this folder”—rather than the token used to call the mail API. The broker can attach the credential server-side, check the requested resource and action, and return only the permitted result.
Design tool responses with the same care as requests. Do not return full headers, hidden metadata, access tokens, or unrelated records when the task needs only a few fields. Redact secrets before content enters the model context or a log.
Enforce permission checks outside the model
The model can propose an action, but it should not be the final authority on whether that action is allowed. The connected service or an intermediary policy layer should authenticate the delegated identity and check every downstream request against its current scope, resource, and state.
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Require confirmation for consequential actions
Use an explicit human approval step before an action is externally visible, difficult to reverse, or capable of changing access. Typical examples include:
- Sending or forwarding a message.
- Deleting, moving, or bulk-editing records.
- Publishing content or deploying a change.
- Changing sharing settings, roles, or authentication factors.
- Making purchases, transfers, or other commitments.
The approval screen should show the actual target, recipient or destination, material content or changes, and the identity being used. A vague “continue?” button is weaker than a specific confirmation such as “Send this message to these three recipients from the support mailbox.”
Enforce complete mediation
Check authorization on every request, not only when the agent starts. A policy should reject a request if the token is expired, the resource is outside the grant, the operation is write-enabled when the session is read-only, or a required approval is missing. Do not rely on the agent to remember an earlier instruction after it has processed untrusted content.
Give the agent specific tools rather than a general shell, unrestricted HTTP client, or open-ended “run any action” function. Narrow tools make it possible to validate arguments such as mailbox ID, folder, record ID, recipient, and operation before the request reaches the service.
Assume prompt injection and contain the damage
Incoming content is data, not authority. Treat instructions found in mail, web pages, documents, logs, issue descriptions, and tool metadata as untrusted unless a separate policy explicitly authorizes them. An agent should not infer that a message’s request to reveal secrets, disable safeguards, or contact a new destination is legitimate.
Use isolation where the deployment allows it
- Run the agent in a sandbox or isolated worker when it can access local files or execute tools.
- Do not mount personal folders, browser profiles, SSH directories, or credential-rich home directories unless the task requires a specifically filtered resource.
- Restrict outbound network access to the services and destinations the workflow needs.
- Separate the agent’s workspace from production systems and use temporary files with controlled permissions.
- Limit tool availability by task; remove unused connectors rather than leaving them dormant.
Isolation and egress controls reduce the blast radius; they do not demonstrate that prompt injection has been eliminated. AWS’s April 14, 2026 security guidance recommends assuming an agent can do anything within its granted entitlements, whether those entitlements are OAuth scopes, API keys, or IAM permissions.
How common access methods compare
| Access method | Scope by action and resource | Lifetime and revocation | Does the agent see a reusable secret? | Attribution and approval | Main concern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegated, resource-scoped connector | Can be narrow when the service supports resource and operation scopes | Short-lived or expiring grants may be available; exact controls vary | Raw credential can remain in the broker or service | Dedicated identity and downstream approval can be implemented | Broad consent or poor implementation can still over-authorize |
| Static API key | Often broad or service-defined; NIST says API keys lack granular authorization for how an agent interacts with a service | Depends on the issuer; may be long-lived | Usually yes, if placed in the agent’s runtime or configuration | May identify an application rather than a specific agent action | Bearer-token theft and weak resource separation |
| Shared account password | Usually the full account authority | Revocation requires changing the shared password or removing the account | Yes | Poor separation between person and agent; approval is difficult to enforce | Maximum blast radius and weak accountability |
| Read-only delegated grant | Limits write-related harm but may still expose all data within its read scope | Can be revoked or expired if the service supports it | Can be withheld by a connector | Useful for summarization and analysis; commit actions remain separate | Sensitive data can still be overexposed if the resource scope is broad |
Modern authorization protocols are foundations, not guarantees. NIST cautions that broad role entitlements and poor implementations remain problems. A short-lived token limits the time available for misuse, but it does not compensate for excessive permissions while the token is valid.
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What enterprise platform examples show—and what they do not
Microsoft Entra documentation provides one concrete enterprise pattern. It describes consent for delegated or application permissions, access packages that can expire or be revoked, narrow Azure resource scope, per-mailbox Exchange authorization, and per-team Teams resource-specific consent. Administrators may be required for some permissions.
These examples demonstrate the value of narrowing both the identity and the resource. They are Microsoft implementation details, not universal steps for consumer accounts. Other services may expose fewer controls, use different names, or provide no agent-specific identity at all. Check the service’s current permission and consent documentation before promising a particular scope or expiry option.
AWS guidance about agent access through Model Context Protocol focuses on AWS resources and treats direct API or shell access as a scope boundary. Apply that warning to the architecture you actually operate; do not assume an MCP recommendation automatically maps to every agent or account service.
Review, monitor, and revoke access
Access should have an owner, an expiry or review date, and a documented reason. Record which identity was created for the agent, which resources and operations it can use, and which human approves high-impact actions.
- Review granted scopes and resources after the initial setup and whenever the task changes.
- Remove connectors and permissions that are no longer required.
- Prefer assignments that expire; otherwise schedule a recurring manual review.
- Inspect activity logs when the platform provides them, looking for unexpected resources, destinations, volume, or operation types.
- Revoke the grant immediately if the agent, connector, workspace, or token may have been exposed.
- Rotate or invalidate any credential that entered model context, a log, a prompt, or an untrusted file.
Independent revocation matters: stopping the agent process is not enough if its token remains valid elsewhere.
Common unsafe setups and how to correct them
“I put the password in the system prompt.”
Problem: The password is now part of model-visible content and may appear in context, traces, backups, or downstream tool calls.
Correction: Change the password, remove it from stored prompts and logs, and reconnect through a delegated authorization flow or credential broker that withholds the raw secret.
“The token is read-only, so all privacy risk is gone.”
Problem: Read-only access can still expose confidential messages, files, customer records, or personal information.
Correction: Narrow the resource and data selection as well as the operation. Return only the fields required for the task and prevent unrelated search or export.
“OAuth means the permission is automatically safe.”
Problem: A consent flow can still grant broad scopes, a large audience, or an application role with more authority than necessary.
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Correction: Inspect every requested scope, resource, audience, lifetime, and approval requirement. Reject or redesign grants that cannot be explained in task terms.
“The agent is instructed never to send mail.”
Problem: Instructions are not an enforceable boundary, especially after the agent reads hostile content.
Correction: Remove send permission from the identity and require a separate policy-checked approval for any send operation.
“The agent needs a shell so I gave it broad network access.”
Problem: A shell and unrestricted egress can bypass the intended connector and reach unrelated systems.
Correction: Replace the shell with specific tools where possible; otherwise isolate the worker, restrict destinations, limit filesystem mounts, and monitor requests.
A practical setup checklist
- Define the exact task, account, resources, data fields, and operations.
- Create a separate, attributable identity for the agent or integration where possible.
- Use delegated authorization or another revocable mechanism instead of a shared password.
- Request the narrowest resource and action scopes; separate read, draft, and commit.
- Keep passwords, API keys, refresh tokens, and production credentials out of prompts, files, environments, logs, and tool output.
- Use a connector or secrets broker so the model never needs the raw credential.
- Enforce authorization on every downstream request outside the model.
- Require explicit approval for sending, deleting, publishing, permission changes, financial actions, and other consequential operations.
- Treat retrieved content and tool descriptions as untrusted input.
- Sandbox the agent and restrict network egress when it can access local files or powerful tools.
- Log activity without logging secrets, and review the agent’s identity and destinations.
- Set an expiry or review date and test revocation before relying on the setup.
Bottom line
The safe pattern is delegated, least-privilege access with secrets kept outside the model, enforced by the connected service or a policy layer and interrupted by human approval at consequential boundaries. A separate identity, narrow resource and action scopes, short-lived or revocable grants, isolation, and monitoring reduce the damage an agent can cause—but no authorization protocol makes broad permissions or exposed bearer tokens safe.
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