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What an uninsured motorist claim can cover
Uninsured motorist coverage is first-party coverage under your own auto policy. It may apply when an at-fault driver has no liability insurance. Depending on the policy and circumstances, UM may also be relevant if the other driver is unidentified after a hit-and-run or if their insurer denies coverage or is insolvent. These situations are not automatically covered; check your policy and state rules. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) explains the possible UM situations in its auto insurance guidance.
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UM bodily injury (UMBI) and UM property damage (UMPD) are separate coverage categories. A policy may cover injuries without covering damage to your car under UM, or may provide property-damage coverage subject to a deductible and other conditions. Availability and hit-and-run treatment vary by state and policy. Maryland’s insurance regulator describes both categories and advises consumers to check their policy for limits and deductibles in its auto insurance information.
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For context, NAIC reports that an estimated 15.4% of motorists—about one in seven—were uninsured in 2023, citing an Insurance Research Council study published in 2025. The state estimates in that overview range from 5.7% in Maine to 28.2% in Mississippi. These are estimates for the stated observation year, not a prediction about whether a particular driver is insured. See the NAIC overview.
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What to do after a crash with an uninsured or unidentified driver
1. Take care of safety and report the crash
Get emergency medical help if needed, remain at the scene, and follow police instructions. If it is safe, collect the other driver’s name, vehicle and insurance details, and contact information for witnesses. Photograph the vehicles, damage, roadway, and other relevant details when safe to do so.
If the driver fled or cannot be identified, contact law enforcement promptly and ask how to obtain the report or report number. Police-report requirements are not the same everywhere. For example, Washington’s insurance regulator says a phantom-vehicle collision must be reported within 72 hours for the rule described in its guidance; that is a Washington-specific requirement, not a nationwide deadline. Washington also advises drivers not to leave the scene and to record details and take photos when safe. See its accident guidance.
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In Illinois, the Department of Insurance warns that an insurer could deny a hit-and-run vehicle-damage claim without a police report. That is a state-specific example, not a universal rule. Report promptly and check your own state’s requirements and policy conditions.
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2. Notify your insurer and check your policy
Call the claims number on your insurance card or use the insurer’s official claims channel. Explain that the other driver appears uninsured or unidentified and ask the insurer to evaluate the loss under any applicable UM coverage. Get the claim number and adjuster’s contact information, and ask for the forms and all notice, proof-of-loss, inspection, and other deadlines in writing.
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Review your declarations page and UM endorsement. Identify whether you have UMBI, UMPD, or both; the applicable limits and deductible; and any exclusions or conditions. Look for a section titled “Duties After a Loss” or similar. Illinois DOI advises notifying the insurer immediately and reviewing policy conditions. Its auto insurance guidance also warns that failing to meet a proof-of-loss deadline required by the policy could result in denial.
3. Build a dated claim file
Keep copies of everything you send or receive. Depending on the type of loss and the insurer’s reasonable requests, useful records may include:
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- The police report or report number, scene and damage photos or video, and witness names and contact details.
- The other vehicle’s and driver’s details, if known, and available information about their insurance status.
- For an injury claim, medical visit and treatment records, bills, and documentation of lost wages.
- For vehicle damage, repair estimates, inspection records, invoices, and receipts.
- Claim forms, letters, emails, and a call log listing dates, names, and what was discussed.
Save original files where possible and note when photographs were taken. The exact document list depends on the claim and insurer; ask the adjuster what is needed rather than assuming one standard packet applies. Official state guidance emphasizes preserving details, cooperating with an investigation, and supplying required proof of loss.
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Respond to reasonable requests, attend an inspection if asked, and keep a copy of each submission. Ask the adjuster to identify in writing the coverage and policy terms being considered. If your vehicle is damaged, Illinois DOI advises showing it to the insurer before repairs and protecting it from further damage. Where practicable, confirm inspection and repair authorization with the adjuster before work begins.
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Deadlines and police-report rules depend on your state and policy
There is no single nationwide UM filing deadline established by the sources cited here. Policy notice clauses, proof-of-loss dates, police-report conditions for hit-and-run claims, and lawsuit or arbitration deadlines can differ by state and policy. Ask the adjuster to list every applicable date in writing and check the policy promptly.
State statutes can impose specific reporting rules in particular circumstances. For example, a North Carolina provision addressing certain bodily-injury claims involving an unidentified vehicle calls for reporting the collision to an appropriate official within 24 hours or as soon as practicable, and separately addresses notice to the insurer. That provision is limited to its statutory context; it should not be treated as a rule for every North Carolina UM claim or for other states. See the relevant North Carolina statute.
If you may have missed a deadline, or the dispute could affect your legal rights, promptly contact your state insurance department or a qualified local attorney. Do not assume that an insurer’s claim process extends a lawsuit or arbitration deadline.
How to respond if the insurer delays or denies the claim
First, ask the insurer to explain the delay, denial, or settlement position in writing. Request the specific policy wording and factual basis it relied on. Keep the decision letter and your complete communication history, and try to resolve the issue through the insurer’s claims process.
If the handling remains unsatisfactory, you can contact your state insurance department. NAIC provides a directory of state insurance departments and notes that claim delays and denials are common complaint reasons. A regulator complaint is a consumer-assistance route; it does not itself establish coverage or replace policy, arbitration, or court deadlines.
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