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What a Portainer custom app template does
A Portainer application template is a reusable deployment definition. It can describe a single container or a stack, with image names, ports, volumes, networks, and other configuration already filled in. A person deploying the template can still adjust the values that the template exposes, which avoids rebuilding the same deployment manually each time.
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Portainer distinguishes its built-in application templates from templates you create yourself. Built-in entries are maintained as part of Portainer’s catalog. A custom template is created from your own Compose content or repository and appears in the custom-template area of the Portainer interface.
The documentation places custom templates and configurable template variables in Portainer Business Edition. If your installation does not show the custom-template workflow or the variable controls described below, check the edition and version running on the Portainer Server before changing the Compose file.
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Prepare the deployment before opening Portainer
Decide whether the template will deploy one container or a multi-service stack. A stack is the better fit when the application needs a database, cache, worker, reverse proxy, or several related services. For a one-process service with a small amount of configuration, a container template may be sufficient.
- Choose image references that are appropriate for your environment. Pin production images to a deliberate version rather than relying on an unqualified
latesttag. - List the ports, persistent volumes, networks, health checks, and restart behavior the deployment needs.
- Identify values that should vary per installation, such as a hostname, time zone, user ID, or database password.
- Keep credentials out of the Compose file. Use a variable or a separate secret-management process instead of committing a real password to a template or Git repository.
- Decide where the source should live: only in Portainer, as a local file that you upload, or in a Git repository that can be reviewed and updated.
Create a custom template from the Portainer interface
The following path applies to a Docker environment and uses Portainer’s documented custom-template workflow.
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- Open Templates in the navigation.
- Select Custom.
- Choose Add Custom Template.
- Enter a descriptive title. Use a name that tells an administrator what the template deploys and, when useful, which edition or version it targets.
- Add a description explaining the service, its exposed ports, required storage, and any assumptions a deployer must understand.
- Add an optional note for operational details such as the first-login action, backup location, or a warning about required DNS records.
- Add an optional logo if you have an image that can be served reliably to Portainer users.
- Select the target platform and the template type that matches the deployment.
- Select one of the three source methods: the web editor, a local Compose upload, or a Git repository.
- Review the resulting definition and select Create custom template.
The template is now available in the custom-template list. Creating the template does not by itself deploy a container or stack; deployment is a separate action performed when an operator selects the template and supplies any requested values.
Choose where the template definition lives
Portainer offers three ways to provide the deployment definition. They produce the same kind of reusable template, but they differ in review, update, and credential requirements.
| Method | Source location | How updates work | Review and version control | Credentials | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web editor | Stored in the Portainer template configuration | Edit the custom template in Portainer and save the new content | Convenient, but no Git history unless you copy the file elsewhere | No repository credentials | A small, stable definition maintained by Portainer administrators |
| Upload | A local docker-compose.yml selected during creation |
Upload a revised file when you change the template | Review occurs outside Portainer; the uploaded file can be committed to source control separately | No repository credentials | Existing Compose files that are maintained on an administrator’s workstation or internal file system |
| Git repository | A repository and the Compose path inside it | Update the repository at the selected reference, then refresh or recreate the template as required by your workflow | Strongest audit trail, pull-request review, and rollback when the repository is managed well | Public or authenticated Git access, depending on the repository | Teams that need reviewable, repeatable changes or several related templates |
Use the web editor
Select the editor method and paste the complete Compose definition into Portainer. This is the fastest route for a short file and is useful when the definition is intentionally self-contained. Before saving, check indentation, quoted port mappings, volume paths, and variable syntax. A change made later in the editor changes the template’s stored definition, so keep a separate copy if the file is important.
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Upload a local Compose file
Select the upload method and choose the local docker-compose.yml file. The uploaded file is a snapshot of the file at creation time. If you edit the original on disk later, Portainer will not automatically receive those changes; upload the revised file when you intentionally update the template.
Connect a Git repository
Choose the Git method and provide the repository URL, the reference to use, and the path to the Compose file. The reference can identify the branch, tag, or commit you intend Portainer to consume. The documented form also includes repository authentication settings and an optional way to bypass TLS certificate verification. Do not disable TLS verification unless you understand the trust risk and have a controlled reason to do so.
Git is usually the most maintainable choice for a team because the Compose file can be reviewed, tagged, and rolled back independently of the Portainer user interface. Keep the reference deliberate: a moving branch follows future changes, while a tag or commit gives a more predictable deployment input.
A minimal Compose definition for a custom template
This example demonstrates a small stack with a pinned image and a safe, non-secret variable. The value {{SITE_MESSAGE}} is a Portainer template variable placeholder; it is not a password and should not be replaced with a real secret in a shared file.
services:
web:
image: nginx:1.27.2
ports:
- "8080:80"
environment:
SITE_MESSAGE: "{{SITE_MESSAGE}}"
restart: unless-stoppedPaste the file into the web editor, save it as docker-compose.yml for upload, or commit it to the repository path selected in the Git method. The port mapping makes the service reachable on port 8080 of the Docker host, while the environment entry demonstrates where a deploy-time value can be inserted. An image does not automatically consume every environment variable, so use variables that the selected application actually documents; this example is intended to show template syntax rather than configure Nginx behavior.
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Add deploy-time variables in Business Edition
For a stack template, Portainer recognizes double-brace variables such as {{MYSQL_PASSWORD}}. The template author can configure each variable’s label, description, and default value. When an operator deploys the template, Portainer presents the configured fields so the operator can edit the permitted values instead of modifying the Compose file.
Expose a variable safely
- Place the variable in the Compose content where the application expects a value, for example
MYSQL_PASSWORD: "{{MYSQL_PASSWORD}}". - In the custom-template configuration, add the corresponding variable definition.
- Give it a clear label such as “Database password,” explain where it is used, and leave the default empty when a shared default would be unsafe.
- Save the template and open its deployment flow to confirm that the field appears with the expected description.
- Deploy a test instance and verify that the rendered Compose configuration reaches the service correctly before using the template in production.
Do not put a real password in the default value, a public repository, or a template description. A variable field improves the deployment experience, but it is not a substitute for a dedicated secret-management system. The documented variable feature is an edition-limited capability in Portainer Business Edition.
Host a shared templates.json catalog
If several Portainer installations should consume the same catalog, maintain a templates JSON file and host it where the Portainer Server can reach it. The server, not an administrator’s browser, must be able to retrieve the file. Portainer documentation lists a GitHub repository, a web server, and an Nginx container as possible hosting locations.
A practical Nginx-based arrangement is to clone the templates repository, edit templates.json, build an Nginx image that serves the file, and expose the file at an HTTP URL reachable by the Portainer Server. You can also mount the JSON file into the Nginx container so that controlled edits to the mounted file become visible without rebuilding the image. Protect the endpoint and its change process according to the sensitivity of the catalog; the JSON may reveal internal repository paths and deployment conventions even though it should not contain secrets.
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Check reachability before adding the catalog
- Resolve the host name from the network where the Portainer Server runs.
- Confirm that the server can establish the required HTTP or HTTPS connection and that any firewall allows it.
- Check that the endpoint returns the JSON file itself rather than an HTML login page, redirect loop, or directory listing.
- Validate the file after every edit so one malformed comma or quote does not break the entire catalog.
Understand the templates.json structure
The documented format is a top-level object containing a version value and a templates array. Every template object requires type and title. Stack entries may also include description, repository, platform, categories, administrator_only, logo, note, and env.
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| Type value | Deployment represented | Important limitation or use |
|---|---|---|
1 |
Container | Use for a single-container application template. |
2 |
Docker Swarm stack | Use when the deployment targets Swarm. |
3 |
Compose stack | The documented format is limited to the version 2 stack format because of a Docker/libcompose limitation. |
For a repository-backed stack, the repository object identifies a public Git URL and the path to the Compose file through stackfile. This keeps the catalog metadata in JSON while the deployable Compose content remains in source control.
Container template object
{
"version": 2,
"templates": [
{
"type": 1,
"title": "Example container",
"description": "A single-container deployment",
"platform": "linux",
"categories": ["utility"],
"administrator_only": false,
"note": "Review the port and volume settings before deployment"
}
]
}The container object above shows the required type and title plus common descriptive fields. Add the fields required by the container format you are targeting; do not assume that a stack-only repository structure applies to a container entry.
Repository-backed Compose stack object
{
"version": 2,
"templates": [
{
"type": 3,
"title": "Example Compose stack",
"description": "A Compose deployment loaded from source control",
"repository": {
"url": "https://github.com/portainer/templates.git",
"stackfile": "docker-compose.yml"
},
"platform": "linux",
"categories": ["web"],
"administrator_only": false,
"logo": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/portainer/templates/master/logo.png",
"note": "Deploy only after reviewing persistent storage",
"env": [
{
"name": "SITE_MESSAGE",
"label": "Site message",
"description": "Text supplied when the stack is deployed",
"default": "Welcome"
}
]
}
]
}The URLs in this illustrative object point to the public Portainer templates repository and its raw content host. Replace the repository path and Compose filename with the source-control location that contains your own stack, and confirm that the referenced logo is stable before publishing the catalog.
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Pin and review images
Image tags are part of the deployment contract. Pinning a known version makes a template’s behavior easier to reproduce, while a deliberate update process lets you review release notes, migration requirements, and rollback options before changing the tag.
Review repository references
For Git-backed templates, verify that the repository remains reachable, the selected reference still exists, and the stackfile path has not moved. If you change a branch or tag strategy, document the change so operators know whether an existing template follows new commits or remains tied to an earlier reference.
Validate JSON and Compose content
Run a JSON parser against templates.json before publishing it. Check balanced braces, quoted strings, commas, and the top-level version and templates members. Separately validate the Compose file with the tooling appropriate to the Docker and Compose versions used by your Portainer environment. A valid JSON catalog can still point to an invalid Compose definition.
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Test outside production
Deploy every new or changed template to a non-production environment first. Confirm that variables render, images pull, ports are available, volumes persist data after a restart, and the intended stack type matches the target engine. Delete the test deployment only after recording any required migration or cleanup steps.
Troubleshoot common failures
The Custom option is missing
Confirm that you are in the correct Portainer environment and that the server is running an edition and version that support the custom-template workflow. The documented custom-template and variable controls are associated with Business Edition, so an edition mismatch is a more likely cause than a malformed Compose file.
The template saves but deployment fails
Inspect the rendered Compose definition for an incorrect image tag, unavailable port, invalid volume path, missing network, or a variable that was not supplied. Check the container or stack deployment logs in Portainer and compare the result with a known-good manual deployment of the same Compose file.
A Git-backed template cannot be loaded
Verify the repository URL, reference, and Compose path. For a private repository, confirm the configured authentication and that the Portainer Server—not only your workstation—can reach the repository. If certificate verification was disabled, restore normal verification after resolving the certificate or trust-chain problem whenever possible.
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The shared catalog does not appear
Request the catalog URL from the Portainer Server’s network, inspect the HTTP response, and parse the returned body as JSON. A DNS, firewall, authentication, redirect, or TLS problem prevents retrieval before Portainer can evaluate the template entries. Then check that each entry has a supported type, a title, and the fields required by its deployment method.
Variables are not shown during deployment
Check that the placeholder uses the exact double-brace spelling, that the variable is declared in the template metadata, and that the deployment is a stack using the documented variable feature. Also verify the Portainer edition, because the configurable variable controls are not documented as a Community Edition feature.
Which creation method should you use?
- Choose the web editor when one administrator owns a short definition and immediate editing in Portainer is more important than repository history.
- Choose upload when a complete Compose file already exists locally and you want to import it without setting up Git access.
- Choose Git when several people review changes, when you need tags or commits for rollback, or when the Compose file is part of a larger application repository.
- Choose a shared templates.json catalog when multiple Portainer Servers should discover the same curated set of deployments from one reachable endpoint.
Whichever method you select, keep the deployment definition understandable, expose only values that operators genuinely need to change, and test the exact template path before allowing production use.
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