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The reliable pattern is to make Puppet declare the entire WordPress stack—runtime packages, web server, database, document root, WP-CLI, configuration, and service state—then let guarded WP-CLI commands perform the one-time application install. Keep prerequisites separate from application tasks, pin versions and checksums, pass secrets through protected data, and add explicit ordering so a second Puppet run converges without downloading or reinstalling WordPress.
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What the module should automate
A production-ready module should turn a fresh host into a configured WordPress site and make the result repeatable. That means declaring directories, packages, users, ownership, permissions, services, virtual-host configuration, database objects, WordPress files, wp-config.php, and the initial administrator. Puppet remains responsible for desired state; WP-CLI is used for operations that are easier to express as WordPress commands.
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Choose a supported platform baseline
WordPress.org currently asks hosts to support PHP 8.3 or greater, MariaDB 10.11 or greater or MySQL 8.0 or greater, HTTPS, and Apache or NGINX. Older combinations such as PHP 7.4 or MySQL 5.5.5 may still run some releases, but they are end-of-life and should not be selected for a new deployment.
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| Layer | Recommended baseline | What Puppet should declare |
|---|---|---|
| PHP | 8.3 or newer for the WordPress host | PHP runtime, CLI, required extensions, and PHP-FPM or the selected Apache integration |
| Database | MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+ | Server availability, database, application user, character set, and credentials |
| Web server | Apache or NGINX | Package, virtual host, document root, PHP hand-off, HTTPS configuration, and service |
| Transport | HTTPS | TLS certificate and key supplied by an approved certificate workflow, not embedded in the module |
| WP-CLI | PHP 7.2.24 or newer is required by WP-CLI; use the host’s newer PHP baseline | Phar file, checksum or signature verification, executable mode, and PATH location |
| WordPress source | A pinned release for repeatable infrastructure | Version, locale, download path, and a guard proving that core is already present |
Pinning WordPress and WP-CLI gives predictable convergence and lets you promote the same artifact through environments. A policy that always follows the latest release reduces the time to receive upstream fixes but turns an ordinary Puppet run into an implicit upgrade. If you choose latest, document that behavior and test it as an upgrade workflow rather than treating it as an installation detail.
Use the standard module layout
Keep classes and defined types in manifests/, static files in files/, and generated configuration in templates/. Puppet’s module conventions expect one class or defined type per manifest file. Render EPP or ERB templates through a file resource.
wordpress_install/
├── manifests/
│ ├── init.pp
│ ├── params.pp
│ ├── prerequisites.pp
│ ├── wp_cli.pp
│ ├── database.pp
│ ├── config.pp
│ └── install.pp
├── templates/
│ ├── wp-config.php.epp
│ └── vhost.conf.epp
├── files/
├── metadata.json
├── README.md
└── .pmtignoreinit.pp should compose the other classes and expose the public parameters. Keep operating-system defaults in params.pp or typed parameter defaults, but do not hide site-specific values there. A class should fail clearly when a required value, such as a database password or site URL, has not been supplied.
Define a typed, explicit contract
Typed parameters make bad catalog data fail at compile time instead of halfway through an installation. A practical interface includes the following values.
| Parameter | Purpose | Validation or security rule |
|---|---|---|
site_url |
Canonical URL passed to WP-CLI and the web server | Require an HTTPS URL in production; do not append a path that differs from the document root |
site_title |
Initial WordPress title | Use a non-empty string; changing it later should be an explicit content-management action |
docroot |
Absolute path containing WordPress | Require an absolute path and manage its parent directory |
owner and group |
Unix ownership for files and runtime writes | Use the account that the web service actually runs as; avoid world-writable permissions |
wp_version and wp_locale |
WordPress release and language | Pin the release; validate the locale format used by your mirror or download policy |
wp_cli_version or source checksum |
Reproducible WP-CLI binary | Verify a trusted checksum or signature before installing it |
db_host, db_name, db_user |
Database connection identity | Quote values correctly in generated PHP and SQL; do not infer them from the site title |
db_password |
Database credential | Declare it as a Puppet Sensitive value or retrieve it from a secret backend |
admin_user, admin_email |
Initial WordPress administrator | Validate the email and reserve the username; avoid predictable names for internet-facing sites |
admin_password |
Initial administrator credential | Keep it out of manifests, command arguments, reports, logs, and process listings |
Also decide whether the module creates the operating-system account, database and user, and virtual host. If it does not, document the required resources and use Puppet relationships to ensure they exist before application installation.
Compose prerequisites before application work
The prerequisite class should install packages, create the account and document root, and ensure the selected web and database services are available. It should not download WordPress or create an administrator. Separating those concerns lets you reuse the stack for a second site and makes failures easier to diagnose.
Directories, account, and permissions
Declare the document root as a directory with the intended owner and group. Create only the subdirectories that need runtime writes, such as an uploads directory, and keep core files owned by the deployment account where possible. A blanket recursive mode of 0777 is not an acceptable shortcut. After installation, verify that the web service can read core files and write only the paths your update and upload policy allows.
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Web server and PHP integration
For Apache, render a virtual host that points to the document root and passes PHP requests to the selected PHP handler. For NGINX, render the server block and PHP-FPM upstream. Include HTTPS and the WordPress front-controller rule appropriate to that server. Keep TLS certificate management outside the WordPress class unless this module explicitly owns it.
Database objects
Create the database and application user before running wp core install. Restrict the user to the required database and host pattern. If the database is remote, make the host and port explicit and ensure network access is established before the install command. Do not put a database password in a resource title or an unprotected template variable.
Install WP-CLI reproducibly
The WP-CLI project recommends downloading the Phar build, optionally verifying its signature or checksum, marking it executable, and placing it on the PATH. Do that once through a managed file resource rather than downloading an unreviewed moving target on every run.
file { '/usr/local/bin/wp':
ensure => file,
mode => '0755',
source => $wp_cli_source,
checksum => $wp_cli_checksum,
}Use a package, file source, or internal artifact repository that your operating system supports. If you download during convergence, pin both the URL and digest and make the download resource itself idempotent. Run /usr/local/bin/wp --info as the deployment user during validation; it should report a compatible PHP runtime and the expected WP-CLI version.
Model the four WP-CLI installation stages
The documented workflow is: download WordPress, generate configuration, create the database, and run the core installation. Puppet should represent each stage as a resource with an explicit relationship to the previous stage.
1. Download core files
wp core download accepts a path, locale, and version. Guard it with a file that only exists in a valid WordPress tree, such as wp-includes/version.php, rather than a generic directory that might have been created by another process.
exec { 'wp core download':
command => "/usr/local/bin/wp core download --path=${docroot} --version=${wp_version} --locale=${wp_locale}",
creates => "${docroot}/wp-includes/version.php",
user => $owner,
require => [File[$docroot], File['/usr/local/bin/wp']],
}If the path contains an existing partial download, fail and investigate instead of deleting it automatically. A destructive cleanup can erase user content or conceal a failed deployment.
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2. Generate wp-config.php
Render the configuration only after core files exist. The template should contain the database name, user, host, table prefix, authentication salts, and debug policy. Generate salts from a trusted secret source or inject values created by your secret-management process; do not commit static salts to the module repository.
file { "${docroot}/wp-config.php":
ensure => file,
owner => $owner,
group => $group,
mode => '0640',
content => epp('wordpress_install/wp-config.php.epp', $config_data),
require => Exec['wp core download'],
}Set the mode so the web process can read the file while unrelated users cannot. If your PHP integration requires the web-service account to own the file, make that an explicit parameter and accept the operational trade-off.
3. Create or verify the database
Create the database and user through a database resource or a dedicated database module. Then verify connectivity with the same host, user, and database values that will be written to wp-config.php. A successful database resource does not prove that network policy, DNS, TLS, or credentials are correct, so a preflight check can provide a clearer error before WordPress starts.
4. Run wp core install
wp core install creates the WordPress tables and performs the standard installation using the URL, title, and administrator details supplied. Guard it with a state marker created only after success, or with a wrapper that runs wp core is-installed and exits successfully when the site is already installed.
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exec { 'wp core install':
command => "/usr/local/bin/wp core install --path=${docroot} --url=${site_url} --title=${site_title} --admin_user=${admin_user} --admin_email=${admin_email} --skip-email",
creates => "${docroot}/.wordpress-installed",
user => $owner,
require => [File["${docroot}/wp-config.php"], Database[$db_name]],
notify => Service[$web_service],
}The example omits the administrator password deliberately. Passing it as a command-line argument can expose it through process listings, shell history, Puppet reports, or debug logs. The official WP-CLI example demonstrates redirecting password input from a file to avoid Bash history. In production, prefer a protected temporary file with mode 0600, a secret backend, or another input method supported by your WP-CLI version. Remove the temporary file only after the command succeeds or fails in a controlled cleanup step.
If you use a marker, create it in a wrapper after checking the exit status; do not declare the marker as an unconditional file resource. An unconditional marker would make Puppet believe installation succeeded even when the command failed.
Make every rerun converge safely
Puppet’s value is repeated convergence. One-time commands need guards, and mutable configuration needs a clear ownership policy.
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- Use
createsfor downloads and installation markers when the presence of the file proves completion. - Use
onlyiforunlessfor checks such aswp core is-installedwhen a marker could be removed or copied incorrectly. - Require the document root and WP-CLI binary before downloading core.
- Require core and the generated configuration before installing tables.
- Require the database resource before invoking WordPress installation.
- Notify the web service only when its configuration file changes; do not restart it after every Puppet run.
- Keep uploads and user-generated content outside any resource that could replace the whole document root.
- Separate installation from upgrades. A changed
wp_versionshould invoke a tested upgrade procedure, not rerun the initial administrator creation.
For a stronger guard, create a wrapper script managed by Puppet. It can run wp core is-installed --path=..., exit with status zero when already installed, and otherwise execute the password-safe installation sequence. Puppet then manages the wrapper and invokes it with unless or onlyif conditions that are easy to test.
Keep secrets out of catalogs and processes
Mark database and administrator passwords as Sensitive values and ensure reports do not reveal their contents. Do not interpolate them into command arguments, resource titles, shell scripts stored world-readably, or ordinary logs. A protected temporary file should be owned by the deployment user, mode 0600, located on a filesystem with appropriate retention controls, and removed after use.
Remember that wp-config.php necessarily contains database credentials. Protect it with restrictive ownership and mode, exclude it from web-server directory listings, and include it in the host’s backup and rotation policy. Rotating the database password requires a coordinated update of the database user and configuration file, followed by a connectivity check.
Choose a deployment workflow
| Workflow | When it fits | Operational rule |
|---|---|---|
| Puppet agent and server | Teams managing multiple hosts and environments | Promote module and dependency versions through a control repository; review catalog changes before rollout |
| Control repository with Puppetfile and r10k-style deployment | Code-managed infrastructure with repeatable dependency resolution | Pin module versions and deploy the lock state rather than installing dependencies ad hoc on a host |
puppet apply |
Small standalone environments or a bootstrap phase | Keep manifests and module versions under source control and run the same validation checks as a server-managed deployment |
Puppet can install a module and its dependencies from the Forge or another repository, but code-managed environments should use their Puppetfile workflow. Mixing ad hoc installation with a locked control repository makes it difficult to reproduce the catalog that created a host.
Test the module before publishing
Static and catalog checks
- Run Puppet parser and lint checks on every manifest.
- Compile catalogs for each supported operating system and assert that package names, paths, providers, and service names resolve.
- Check that sensitive parameters remain sensitive in reports and that no password appears in a command string.
- Verify dependency metadata and version constraints before building the module.
Convergence checks
- Apply the module to a clean host and confirm that the expected PHP, web-server, database, and WP-CLI versions are installed.
- Open the site over HTTPS and verify that the canonical URL, title, locale, and administrator account are correct.
- Run Puppet again without changing parameters. The second run should report no download or installation changes.
- Change a virtual-host setting and confirm that only the intended configuration resource and service notification change.
- Interrupt the installation between stages, repair the failed prerequisite, and rerun. The module should resume without deleting existing uploads or credentials.
Application checks
Use wp core is-installed, wp option get siteurl, and a database query or health check to confirm that the files, configuration, and tables agree. Test a front-page request, a login request, and a write to the uploads path under the same user identity used by the web service.
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Keep metadata.json accurate, including supported Puppet and operating-system versions and dependency constraints. Use .pmtignore or .pdkignore to exclude tests, build output, logs, editor files, local credentials, and other development-only material. Remove symlinks before building: Puppet publishing guidance treats symlinks as unsupported and they can cause module builds to fail. Build the package, inspect its contents, and test installation from the built artifact rather than only from the working tree.
Common failures and fixes
WP-CLI reports an unsupported PHP version
Check the PHP binary used by the wp executable, not only the PHP-FPM version serving HTTP. Install or select a compatible CLI binary and ensure the Puppet-managed PATH points to it. WP-CLI requires PHP 7.2.24 or later, while a new WordPress host should target PHP 8.3 or newer.
The download repeats on every run
The creates path may be wrong, the command may be running under a different document root, or the download is failing before the marker is written. Inspect the actual path and exit status, then choose a marker that proves a complete core tree rather than merely an existing directory.
wp core install says the site is already installed
The guard and the real site state disagree. Query wp core is-installed using the same path and user as the install command, remove only a demonstrably stale marker, and rerun. Never drop tables automatically as a repair step.
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Compare the host, port, database name, username, password, and allowed source host in the database resource with the generated wp-config.php. Check DNS, firewall rules, TLS requirements, and whether the PHP process can reach the remote server. Rotate the credential through the secret workflow rather than editing the file manually.
The site returns a 404 for pretty URLs
Confirm that the Apache rewrite rules or NGINX front-controller configuration were rendered for the correct document root and enabled site. Reload the web service only after the configuration validates, then test both the home page and a non-root permalink.
Files are writable by the wrong account
Inspect ownership on core files, wp-content, and uploads. Align the module’s owner and group parameters with the actual PHP execution user, and grant write access only to paths that require it. Do not solve a mismatch by making the entire tree world-writable.
Decide the main implementation trade-offs
| Decision | Option A | Option B | Selection guidance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ownership boundary | One module owns the complete stack | Compose web, account, database, archive, and WordPress modules | Choose one owner per resource; composition usually reduces hidden assumptions |
| Web server | Apache | NGINX | Use the platform’s supported PHP integration and the team’s established virtual-host conventions; both are recommended WordPress choices |
| Database | MariaDB | MySQL | Use the supported version already operated reliably in your platform; meet the WordPress minimum version |
| Source policy | Latest release | Pinned release and checksum | Latest improves patch currency; pinning improves repeatability and rollback planning |
| Secret delivery | Protected file or secret backend | Command-line argument | Prefer the first option because process listings, shell history, and reports can expose arguments |
| Execution mode | Agent/server control repository | puppet apply |
Match the environment, but keep versions and dependencies under source control in either case |
A practical build order
- Write the parameter contract and decide which resources the module owns.
- Create the standard directory structure and metadata before adding application logic.
- Declare the account, document root, PHP packages, web server, database prerequisites, and service resources.
- Install and verify a pinned WP-CLI Phar with a checksum or signature.
- Download a pinned WordPress release with a completion guard.
- Render a protected
wp-config.phpfrom sensitive data and generated salts. - Create or verify the database and application user.
- Run a guarded, password-safe
wp core installcommand. - Apply ownership and least-privilege permissions, then notify the web service only for relevant configuration changes.
- Test a clean run, a second no-op run, an interrupted run, and a controlled version upgrade.
- Build the package, inspect ignored files and symlinks, and publish only the tested artifact.
Following this order gives Puppet a clear dependency graph and gives operators a safe recovery point after each stage. The resulting module can create a new site consistently while preserving the desired-state behavior that makes routine Puppet runs uneventful.
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