The secure pattern is to treat the MCP endpoint as its own protected resource. An MCP client obtains a token for that specific server from an authorization server, sends it over HTTPS, and the MCP server validates the token before every tool call. The server then checks whether that identity may perform the requested operation and, when it must call an IT platform, uses a separate credential issued for that upstream platform.
Do not forward an arbitrary client token to the IT system. Bind tokens to the MCP server, use least-privilege scopes and platform roles, and prove with negative tests that denied operations stay denied before production access is enabled.
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Understand the security boundary
For HTTP transports, the Model Context Protocol Authorization specification (version 2025-06-18) defines three distinct roles:
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute| Component | Security role | What it must protect |
|---|---|---|
| MCP server | Protected resource | Tool endpoints, resource data, and the boundary between the agent and the IT platform. |
| MCP client | OAuth client | Redirect handling, PKCE state, access tokens, and the user’s or agent’s session. |
| Authorization server | Token issuer | Identity authentication, consent, scopes or roles, token lifetime, and revocation policy. |
| IT management platform | Upstream resource | Records, configuration, tickets, identities, and administrative actions reached by the MCP server. |
The MCP access token is for the MCP server, not automatically for the upstream platform. The specification warns that servers must not accept or transit tokens intended for another service. Treat the MCP server as a policy enforcement point, not as a transparent proxy.
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HTTP and stdio are different deployment models
The HTTP authorization specification applies to HTTP-based MCP transports. A local stdio server should obtain credentials from its environment and does not follow the browser-based HTTP discovery flow. Decide this first because redirect URIs, metadata discovery, and bearer headers are relevant to HTTP, while a stdio deployment needs process isolation, operating-system permissions, and secret injection controls.
Choose whose identity is used
A delegated user connection authenticates each person and applies that person’s platform permissions. It gives administrators user-level audit entries but requires interactive consent and token lifecycle handling for every user. A service or agent identity is better for unattended jobs, but every action is attributed to that identity unless the platform separately records an initiating user. Document the choice, owner, rotation responsibility, and expected audit trail before registering anything.
Follow the secure HTTP authorization flow
- Define the canonical MCP resource URI. Choose the stable HTTPS origin and path that represent the MCP server. Use that same identifier when publishing metadata and requesting tokens; do not substitute an upstream platform URL.
- Publish Protected Resource Metadata. The server should advertise where its metadata can be found through the
WWW-Authenticateheader on a401response. The metadata identifies the authorization server associated with the MCP resource. - Register the MCP client. Register the client with the authorization server using exact redirect URIs. Reject wildcard or loosely matched callbacks. Prefer a public-client design with PKCE when the client cannot safely hold a secret; use a confidential-client method only where the deployment can protect its secret.
- Discover authorization-server metadata. The client reads the issuer’s supported endpoints and capabilities instead of hard-coding assumptions. Verify that the issuer, authorization endpoint, token endpoint, and supported code challenge method match the identity system you intend to use.
- Request a resource-specific authorization. Include the MCP server’s canonical URI in the
resourceparameter of authorization and token requests. Request only the scopes or roles required by the tools the identity will actually use. The resulting token must be audience-bound to the MCP server. - Protect the browser round trip. Generate a high-entropy PKCE verifier and challenge, store the verifier in the client session, and validate the returned
statebefore exchanging the authorization code. Use HTTPS for every network hop and never place tokens or authorization codes in a URL that might be logged or copied. - Send the token as a bearer header. Call the MCP endpoint with
Authorization: Bearer <access-token>. Do not put the token in a query string, path segment, cookie shared with unrelated applications, prompt, or tool description. - Validate before parsing or executing a tool. Check the token signature with trusted keys, issuer, tenant or equivalent authority, audience, expiry, and any required not-before or scope claims. Reject missing, malformed, expired, revoked, or wrong-audience tokens with an appropriate authorization error.
- Authorize the specific action. After authentication, map the token subject, scopes, roles, and tenant to the requested tool and its arguments. A valid identity may be allowed to read an incident but not close it, or to update a test project but not production configuration.
- Obtain an upstream credential separately. If the tool calls the IT platform, use a token or credential issued for that platform under its own authorization arrangement. Never reuse the MCP bearer token merely because it is available in the request.
Microsoft’s Entra guidance for securing an MCP server recommends using a tested validation library or middleware rather than writing token validation from scratch. It also separates token validation from the authorization decision for the requested operation.
Register identities and permissions narrowly
Map each tool to a permission set
Create a written policy for every exposed tool. Record whether it reads or changes data, the platform scope or role it needs, the permitted tenant or project, and whether a human confirmation is required. Keep read-only diagnostics separate from mutation tools so a broad read permission cannot silently become a write capability.
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| Tool characteristic | Recommended control |
|---|---|
| Read-only lookup | Limit scopes to the required records, fields, tenant, or project; redact fields that the agent does not need. |
| Low-impact update | Require an explicit update scope and validate object ownership or project membership. |
| High-impact change | Require a stronger role, a human review or confirmation step, change-window checks, and an audit event containing the actor and target. |
| Bulk or destructive operation | Expose a separate tool, impose quotas and bounds, require approval, and make the operation reversible where the platform supports it. |
Atlassian’s Rovo MCP guidance recommends least privilege, review of high-impact changes before confirmation, and monitoring audit logs for unusual activity. Apply those controls even when the identity provider has already authenticated the caller.
Keep secrets out of operational data
- Store client secrets, refresh tokens, API tokens, and upstream credentials in the organization’s approved secret manager.
- Do not commit credentials to source code, configuration examples, issue descriptions, prompts, tool schemas, or container images.
- Redact
Authorizationheaders and token responses from application, proxy, tracing, and error logs. - Rotate credentials on a schedule and immediately after suspected exposure; test that old credentials are revoked.
- Use separate credentials for development, staging, and production and restrict the production identity to the production MCP origin.
Apply platform-specific setup instructions
MCP is a protocol, not a universal platform connector. The identity flow, scopes, administrator controls, and available tools depend on the target product and release. Use the vendor’s current documentation for the exact deployment.
ServiceNow MCP connection
The Australia release instructions in ServiceNow’s MCP client connection guide, updated August 8, 2025, describe an OAuth inbound integration for each MCP client. That procedure identifies the /sncapps/mcp-server path and the mcp_server scope, and it lists administrative roles needed to configure the integration.
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Jira Cloud integrations
For Jira Cloud integrations outside Atlassian Connect, Atlassian’s security guidance recommends OAuth 2.0 authorization-code grants for most cases. The flow obtains user consent and uses scopes to define the maximum actions. Atlassian says basic authentication should generally be avoided because it is less secure.
Register only the callback URLs you operate, request the smallest scope set, and make the MCP tool authorization layer narrower than the platform-wide grant when possible. A Jira scope is not proof that every record or workflow transition should be exposed through every tool.
Rovo MCP modes
Rovo MCP authentication documentation describes OAuth 2.1 for interactive, user-driven connections and API-token authentication for supported non-interactive cases when an administrator enables it. Tool groups are mode-dependent: the documentation notes that some Jira Service Management tools require API-token authentication, while other tool sets are OAuth-only.
Before selecting a mode, make an inventory of the exact tools the agent needs and confirm that the organization has enabled that authentication method. Do not assume that an API token can replace OAuth for every tool or that an OAuth connection exposes every tool.
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Microsoft Entra ID as the authorization server
Microsoft’s Entra setup provides an example of centralized identity management. Register the MCP server as an application, publish protected-resource metadata, and ensure the resource identifier aligns with the app registration. Use the platform’s supported middleware to validate issuer, tenant, signature, audience, and expiry claims, then perform a separate authorization check for the subject and requested operation.
Prevent token confusion and confused-deputy failures
An MCP server is often able to reach more systems than the calling agent should control. Token passthrough collapses those boundaries: a token issued for one audience may be accepted by another service, or the server may act as a deputy with privileges the caller never received. The protocol’s normative rule is explicit: “MCP servers MUST NOT accept or transit any other tokens.”
Instead, use one of these arrangements:
- Delegated upstream access: obtain a separately issued upstream token representing the user, with the platform’s scopes and consent.
- Service identity: use a narrowly permissioned platform credential owned by the integration, and record the initiating user in a trusted audit field when the platform supports it.
- Token exchange: use a standards-based exchange supported by both identity systems, producing a token whose audience is the upstream API. Do not implement an ad hoc token rewrite.
Never infer authorization from a username supplied in tool arguments. The subject must come from a validated token, and the tool must authorize the target object and operation against that subject’s policy.
Compare connection options before choosing one
| Decision axis | Delegated OAuth user | Service or agent identity | Enterprise-managed authorization |
|---|---|---|---|
| User context | Each call can reflect the consenting user’s permissions. | All calls use the service identity’s permissions unless an additional attribution mechanism exists. | Central identity-provider policy can govern multiple connections; user or service context still depends on the configured application. |
| Interaction | Browser authorization and consent, normally with PKCE. | Machine-to-machine secret, certificate, or API-token flow. | Designed for centralized, potentially zero-touch administration; client and server support must be verified. |
| Privilege boundary | User scopes plus platform ACLs and tool-level checks. | Service scopes, platform ACLs, and tool-level checks; risk is concentrated in one identity. | Provider policy, application permissions, platform ACLs, and tool-level checks. |
| Operations | Refresh, revocation, consent renewal, and per-user audit entries. | Secret rotation, revocation, ownership, and clear service-account audit trails. | Central policy and lifecycle controls, subject to implementation support. |
| Compatibility | Requires HTTP client support, redirect handling, and an OAuth-capable platform. | Works for unattended jobs where the platform supports non-interactive credentials. | Availability varies by MCP client, server, identity provider, and IT platform. |
The MCP project announced Enterprise-Managed Authorization as stable on June 18, 2026, for centralized authorization through an identity provider. The announcement does not make the extension universal: verify support and configuration requirements in every client, server, and target platform before selecting it.
Test the authorization boundary before production
Run tests against a non-production tenant or project and capture the server’s decision, upstream request, audit event, and log output. A successful login is not a successful security test.
| Test | Expected result | What to inspect |
|---|---|---|
No Authorization header |
Request is rejected before tool execution. | No platform call, no sensitive response, and no token-like value in logs. |
| Malformed bearer value | Authentication failure. | Uniform error handling that does not reveal validation internals. |
| Expired token | Rejected; the client must obtain a fresh token. | Expired credentials are not accepted by a cached middleware path. |
| Valid token with the wrong audience | Rejected even if signature and issuer are valid. | The audience is compared with the canonical MCP resource identifier. |
| Valid identity with insufficient scope or role | Tool call is denied. | No partial mutation or data disclosure occurs before the decision. |
| Authorized identity targeting another tenant, project, or record | Object-level authorization fails. | Authorization uses trusted identity and server-side object checks, not user-supplied claims alone. |
| High-impact operation | Human review or policy-required confirmation is enforced. | The approval, actor, target, and final result are auditable. |
| Revoked or rotated credential | Old credential stops working within the documented propagation window. | Caches, proxies, background workers, and refresh-token stores are covered. |
| Upstream call | MCP token is not sent to the IT platform. | The upstream request contains only its separately issued credential. |
Troubleshoot common failures
The client receives a 401 without discovering authorization metadata
Check that the MCP endpoint returns the required WWW-Authenticate metadata reference on the 401 response, that the metadata is reachable over HTTPS, and that the advertised authorization server matches the issuer used by the client. A proxy that strips response headers can break discovery even when the server is configured correctly.
The token validates but every tool is denied
Separate authentication from authorization. Inspect the token’s scopes, roles, tenant, and subject, then compare them with the tool policy and the platform account’s ACL. Confirm that the client requested the MCP resource in the resource parameter and that the server compares the audience with its canonical URI.
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The platform rejects an otherwise valid request
Inspect the upstream credential, platform scope, role, tenant, API version, and record permissions independently of the MCP token. The MCP server may be correctly enforcing its boundary while the upstream identity lacks a platform permission or uses an unsupported authentication mode.
Interactive login loops or fails at the callback
Compare the registered redirect URI with the actual callback byte for byte, including scheme, host, port, path, and trailing slash. Verify PKCE verifier persistence, state validation, clock synchronization, and that an intermediary has not rewritten the callback URL.
Secrets appear in logs
Rotate the exposed credential, invalidate refresh tokens where possible, and search application, proxy, tracing, CI, and support logs. Add header and query-string redaction before retesting. A token in a URL should be treated as compromised because URLs are commonly retained by browsers, proxies, and analytics systems.
Quick Recap
Go-live checklist
- The deployment model is documented as HTTP or stdio, with separate controls for each.
- The MCP server has a stable HTTPS resource identifier and publishes protected-resource metadata.
- OAuth clients use exact redirect URIs, PKCE where appropriate, validated state, and secure token storage.
- Authorization requests include the MCP server’s
resourcevalue and minimum required scopes. - Every request validates signature, issuer, tenant or authority, audience, expiry, and required claims.
- Each tool enforces subject, scope, role, tenant, object, and operation-level authorization.
- Upstream IT-platform credentials are separate from MCP bearer tokens.
- High-impact actions have approval, rate, change-window, or rollback controls suited to their risk.
- Logs redact secrets while retaining actor, tool, target, decision, and correlation information for audit.
- Negative tests cover missing, expired, wrong-audience, underprivileged, cross-tenant, revoked, and high-impact calls.
- Support for the selected OAuth mode, tool set, platform release, and any Enterprise-Managed Authorization extension has been verified against current vendor documentation.
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