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How to Compare AI Chatbots on Privacy, Safety, and Data Controls

By Freedom251 Team · · 10 min read

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The reliable way to compare AI chatbots is to separate five questions: whether chats can train models, whether conversations remain in history, how deletion works, what temporary modes retain, and who can review data for safety or service operations. Compare those controls for the exact account and product surface you use. A consumer account, a work or school workspace, an API, and a connected mobile app can have different terms.

ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini Apps each offer ways to limit model-improvement use, but none of those switches means “nothing is processed.” Safety investigations, abuse prevention, legal obligations, feedback, connected services, and limited operational retention can still apply. The table and procedures below show what each provider says its controls do, where the exceptions are, and how to audit your own settings.

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What you are actually comparing

Privacy controls with similar names do different jobs. Treating them as one “privacy” setting is the fastest way to misunderstand a chatbot’s behavior.

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Model-training or model-improvement use

This setting determines whether eligible conversations may be used to improve a provider’s models. An opt-out normally affects future use; it does not erase a conversation already saved, remove material from a training run already under way, or guarantee that safety systems never process the content.

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Chat history and deletion

History controls determine whether a conversation is visible in your account and how you delete it. Deleting the visible chat is not necessarily the same as immediate deletion from every backup, abuse-prevention system, feedback record, or de-identified dataset.

Temporary, incognito, or activity-off modes

These modes usually combine several changes: no normal history entry, no personalization or memory update, and exclusion from routine model improvement. Providers still describe short safety or service-operation retention, so temporary does not mean “instantaneously erased.”

Memory and personalization

Memory stores information for later responses. It is separate from model training and from ordinary chat history. Turning memory off does not necessarily prevent every piece of context from being used for a high-risk safety response.

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Review, feedback, and connected data

Human reviewers or automated classifiers may inspect content for safety, abuse prevention, support, or legal reasons. A thumbs-up, thumbs-down, written comment, uploaded file, extension, or connected application can create an additional data path even when routine training is disabled.

Provider comparison at a glance

Control or question ChatGPT (OpenAI) Claude (Anthropic) Gemini Apps (Google)
Training use Turning off Improve the model for everyone excludes new conversations and tasks from model training. A conversation tied to submitted feedback can still be used. OpenAI’s data-controls guidance For Free, Pro, and Max consumer accounts, chats and coding sessions can be used when the user permits improvement, when a session is flagged for safety review, or when the user explicitly opts in elsewhere. Anthropic’s training policy Keep Activity governs whether future chats enter Gemini Apps Activity and are used to improve services. Feedback and safety handling remain exceptions. Gemini Apps Privacy Hub
Chat history and deletion Opting out of training does not delete or hide saved chats. Cleared chats are generally deleted within 30 days unless de-identified and disassociated or retained for security or legal reasons. Consumer data handling Turning improvement off excludes future and previous chats from future training, but cannot remove material from completed training runs or models already trained. With Keep Activity on, activity is retained under the selected auto-delete period. Turning activity off does not erase data held by other Google services.
Temporary or incognito mode Temporary Chats do not appear in history, create or update memories, or improve models; a copy may be retained for safety for up to 30 days. Saving one converts it to an ordinary chat. Incognito chats are not used to improve Claude, even when model improvement is enabled. Temporary Chats are not used to train Google’s AI models and are retained for 72 hours.
Retention and exceptions Temporary-chat safety copy: up to 30 days. Other retention depends on deletion, security, legal, and feedback circumstances. Allowed improvement data may remain de-identified in training pipelines for up to five years. A Usage Policy violation can mean inputs and outputs up to two years and safety-classification scores up to seven years. Keep Activity-off and Temporary Chats: 72 hours. Default activity auto-delete: 18 months, with 3-month, 36-month, or indefinite choices. Some human-reviewed, account-disconnected data can remain up to three years.
Human review and safety processing Limited authorized staff or service providers may access consumer content for safety incidents, support, legal matters, or model improvement when you have not opted out. Safety-flagged sessions can be retained and classified under the conditional periods above. Google can process chats for response and protection, including with human reviewers, regardless of the activity setting.
Memory or personalization Memory controls are separate from training. Temporary Chats do not update memory; rare high-risk cases may still use limited safety-relevant context when memory is off. Incognito prevents improvement use; check Claude’s separate account features for any personalization controls enabled on your plan. Activity, personalization, device, location, audio, Live video, and screen-share settings can affect what Gemini uses and must be reviewed separately.
Feedback Feedback-associated conversations can be used for training even after a training opt-out. Submitting feedback may retain the related conversation for up to five years and use it for improvement, research, or service analysis as permitted. Feedback can affect how chats excluded by Keep Activity are handled.
Connected apps and uploads Files, tasks, and connected features are part of the conversation or task data; inspect each feature’s permissions and retention terms. Coding sessions and any uploaded material follow the consumer or commercial terms that cover the account. Connected-app data may be processed under Gemini and third-party policies. Review app, device, location, audio, video, and screen-sharing permissions.
Consumer versus managed accounts OpenAI says managed business, Enterprise, Edu, Healthcare, and API data are not used for model improvement by default, subject to workspace settings and policies. The cited training guidance covers Free, Pro, and Max consumers; commercial products have separate terms. Work or school accounts may have different handling terms from personal Gemini Apps accounts.

The periods in the table are provider-stated policy limits, not a common test or a ranking. Eligibility, geography, plan, workspace administration, and product version can change what you see.

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ChatGPT: separate training, history, memory, and temporary chat

Turning off model improvement

In ChatGPT, open the data-control settings and switch off Improve the model for everyone. This prevents new conversations and tasks from being used to train OpenAI models, but saved chats remain available in your history. You must delete those chats separately if your goal is removal from the account view.

Using Temporary Chats

Start a Temporary Chat when you do not want a conversation in normal history or want to prevent memory creation or updates. Temporary Chats are excluded from model improvement while temporary. If you save one, it becomes an ordinary chat and follows ordinary history behavior.

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Deletion and authorized access

OpenAI describes deletion of cleared consumer chats within 30 days, with exceptions when data has been de-identified and disassociated or must be retained for security or legal reasons. It also describes limited access by authorized staff or service providers for safety incidents, support, legal matters, or model improvement when the user has not opted out. Those statements describe consumer services, not every OpenAI product.

Memory is a different switch

Disabling memory does not disable model-training controls, and enabling a training opt-out does not clear saved memories. OpenAI also notes that limited safety-relevant context may be used in rare high-risk situations even when memory is off.

Feedback changes the analysis

If you submit feedback about a response, the associated conversation may be used for training even after you opted out of routine model improvement. Do not include confidential material in feedback unless your organization has approved that route.

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Claude: consumer scope, incognito use, and long-lived exceptions

Know which Claude terms apply

Anthropic’s cited training guidance applies to Claude Free, Pro, and Max accounts, including Claude Code use on those accounts. It does not establish the same rules for commercial products; business or API users should read the terms for that product and workspace.

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Allowing or refusing improvement use

Claude may use consumer chat and coding-session data to improve models when the user permits it. Anthropic also identifies safety-flagged conversations and explicit opt-in routes as possible uses. Turning the setting off excludes previous and new chats from future training, but cannot pull material out of a training run already in progress or change a model that has already been trained.

Incognito chats

Use an Incognito chat when you want the conversation excluded from Claude improvement even if your account’s general model-improvement setting is enabled. Incognito is not a promise that no safety or service system will process the content.

Feedback and conditional retention

Submitting feedback can cause the related conversation to be retained for up to five years and used for improvement, research, or service analysis as permitted. Separately, a session flagged as a Usage Policy violation can have its inputs and outputs retained for up to two years, with safety-classification scores retained for up to seven years. These are conditional cases, not a universal retention period for every Claude chat.

Gemini Apps: Keep Activity, Temporary Chats, and Google-wide settings

Keep Activity on or off

Keep Activity controls whether future Gemini Apps chats appear in Gemini Apps Activity and can be used to improve Google services, including generative models. With Keep Activity off, Google says chats are still retained for 72 hours so Gemini can provide responses, handle feedback, and protect Google, users, and the public. Turning this control off does not change activity controls or data held by other Google services.

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Temporary Chats

Temporary Chats are also retained for 72 hours and are not used to train Google’s AI models. They are therefore useful for limiting routine history and training use, but they still pass through response and protection systems during that period.

Activity retention choices

When Keep Activity is on, Google lists an 18-month default auto-delete period and user choices of three months, 36 months, or indefinite retention. Some activity reviewed by service providers is disconnected from the Google account and can remain for up to three years; deleting visible activity does not delete that reviewed copy.

Connected data and the reviewer warning

Gemini’s treatment can involve connected apps, device and location signals, audio, Live video, screen sharing, and personalization. Review each permission instead of assuming the chat setting covers it. Google warns: “Please don’t enter confidential information that you wouldn’t want a reviewer to see or Google to use to improve our services, including machine-learning technologies.”

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How to audit any chatbot before sharing sensitive material

  1. Identify the account. Record whether it is personal, managed by an employer or school, an API project, or a consumer subscription. The same provider can apply different defaults and contracts.
  2. Open data controls. Find the exact switches for model improvement, chat history or activity, memory, personalization, and temporary or incognito conversations. Capture the labels and current state because interfaces change.
  3. Read the exceptions beside the switch. Look specifically for safety review, abuse prevention, legal retention, support access, feedback, and data already used in training.
  4. Test deletion expectations. Determine whether deleting a chat removes it from history only, what maximum period the provider states, and whether de-identified, reviewed, backup, or legally retained copies are excluded.
  5. Check feedback behavior. Find out whether ratings, comments, bug reports, or shared conversations override a training opt-out. Avoid submitting feedback that contains secrets.
  6. Inventory connected surfaces. Review browser extensions, mobile permissions, uploaded files, cloud drives, calendars, coding tools, location, microphone, camera, Live video, and screen sharing. Each can have its own policy or third-party recipient.
  7. Confirm organizational approval. For work or school data, use only a workspace whose administrator and contract explicitly permit the material. A consumer opt-out is not a substitute for an organizational agreement.
  8. Minimize before sending. Remove names, account numbers, credentials, private keys, health details, unpublished business information, and exact locations. Redaction is safer than relying on a temporary mode.
  9. Recheck after product changes. Providers add models, tools, memories, and connected apps frequently. Revisit settings and the linked policy pages whenever the interface or account plan changes.

How to interpret “private” and “safe” claims

A training opt-out answers only one question: whether the provider says it will use eligible content to improve models. It does not promise confidentiality, factual accuracy, harmless output, or immunity from a security incident. Encryption, certifications, and contractual controls may differ by product; for example, OpenAI describes encryption in transit and at rest and assessments for specified business and API products, so those statements should not be extended automatically to every consumer account. OpenAI’s security and privacy overview identifies those product boundaries.

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Safety processing can also expose content to reviewers or classifiers. Google explicitly says Gemini can produce inaccurate or offensive information and can make mistakes while taking actions, including unexpectedly sharing data with third parties. A chatbot that keeps less history can still generate an unsafe answer, mis-handle a connected service, or reveal information in its output.

Choosing a control pattern for common situations

Low-sensitivity brainstorming

Normal chat is usually adequate when the material is public or easily replaceable. Still, inspect whether model improvement is enabled and avoid uploading third-party confidential information without permission.

Personal information you need briefly

Use the provider’s temporary or incognito mode, disable memory or activity where available, and remove identifying details first. Understand the stated safety-retention window before sending; temporary does not mean zero retention.

Company, client, school, or regulated data

Do not rely on a consumer setting. Use an organization-approved managed workspace or API whose terms, administrator controls, access logs, deletion process, and data-use defaults have been reviewed. If no approved environment exists, do not paste the data.

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Connected-app tasks

Evaluate the connected service as a second processor. Check what the chatbot can read, what it can write or send, how revocation works, and whether the third party retains copies. Disable location, audio, video, or screen sharing unless the task requires them.

Questions a comparison should still leave open

  • Which exact plan, region, age setting, or workspace policy applies to your account?
  • Does a provider’s deletion promise cover backups, safety systems, human-reviewed copies, and de-identified datasets, or only the visible chat?
  • What happens to an uploaded file after the conversation is deleted?
  • Can an administrator, service provider, reviewer, or connected app access the content?
  • What changes when you rate a response, report a violation, or ask support to investigate?

No single privacy winner follows from these policies. The useful comparison is a control-by-control record for the account you actually use, with every exception written next to the setting it qualifies.

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AI chatbotsChatGPTClaudedata controlsGeminiOnline SafetyPrivacy

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