Combine the tools as separate layers: Selenium WebDriver controls the browser, Cucumber-JVM turns Gherkin scenarios into Java step definitions, and TestNG runs the Cucumber scenarios. Add an assertion library for pass/fail checks, keep Cucumber dependencies on the same version, and use a TestNG runner that extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests.
What each tool does
These tools complement one another; none replaces the others. Selenium explicitly describes WebDriver as the component that communicates with the browser, not one that evaluates assertions or understands Given/When/Then grammar.
| Layer | Responsibility |
|---|---|
| Selenium WebDriver | Finds and interacts with browser elements, navigates pages, and reads browser state. |
| Cucumber-JVM | Reads Gherkin feature scenarios and connects their steps to Java glue code. |
| TestNG | Discovers and executes the Cucumber suite through Cucumber’s TestNG integration, with runner configuration and optional parallel execution. |
| Assertion library | Checks expected outcomes and reports pass or fail; Cucumber does not include an assertion library. |
| Selenium Grid (optional) | Allocates remote browser sessions across machines or environments when local execution is not enough. |
Set up the Maven project
Use Java with Maven, Selenium Java bindings, Cucumber’s Java and TestNG integration artifacts, TestNG, a test runner, and an assertion library. Consult the current Selenium downloads and the Cucumber-JVM documentation for dependency versions and compatibility. Cucumber artifacts should be version-aligned; do not copy an old version number from an example without checking it.
A practical layout separates executable Java code from feature resources:
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src/test/resources/features/— Gherkin feature files.src/test/java/— TestNG runner, step definitions, hooks, and any page or screen abstractions.
Add the dependencies as test-scoped Maven dependencies and configure the Maven test plugin you use to discover the runner. The exact package names, dependency versions, plugin settings, and runner naming convention depend on the project; verify discovery by running the suite through Maven Surefire or Failsafe.
Create a feature and connect its steps
Feature file
For example, save a scenario under src/test/resources/features/search.feature:
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Feature: Search
Scenario: A visitor can search for a product
Given I open the product search page
When I search for "camera"
Then the results include "camera"Java glue code
Create step definitions whose expressions match the feature wording. Keep them focused on calling application actions; put repeated browser operations behind page objects or small screen abstractions when that improves readability.
package example.steps;
import io.cucumber.java.en.Given;
import io.cucumber.java.en.Then;
import io.cucumber.java.en.When;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
public class SearchSteps {
private final WebDriver driver;
public SearchSteps(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
@Given("I open the product search page")
public void openSearchPage() {
driver.get("https://example.com/search");
}
@When("I search for {string}")
public void searchFor(String query) {
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys(query);
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button[type='submit']")).click();
}
@Then("the results include {string}")
public void resultsInclude(String expected) {
String pageText = driver.findElement(By.tagName("body")).getText();
Assert.assertTrue(pageText.contains(expected),
"Expected results to include: " + expected);
}
}This illustrates the responsibilities, not a drop-in application test: replace the example URL and selectors with those for the application under test, and provide a scenario-scoped WebDriver through your chosen setup. If using TestNG assertions as shown, TestNG supplies the assertion; another assertion library can be used instead.
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Add a TestNG Cucumber runner
For serial execution, extend Cucumber’s TestNG base class and set the feature path and glue package with Cucumber options. This minimal runner assumes features are under src/test/resources/features and glue is under example.steps:
package example.runner;
import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import io.cucumber.testng.CucumberOptions;
@CucumberOptions(
features = "src/test/resources/features",
glue = "example.steps"
)
public class RunCucumberTest extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
}Ensure the runner is discoverable by the Maven test plugin configured for the project. Then execute the test phase with Maven, for example mvn test, and confirm the runner is actually selected rather than assuming any class name will be discovered by every plugin configuration.
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Manage the browser and scenario state
The runner and step definitions need a browser lifecycle: create a driver for a scenario, make it available to that scenario’s glue, and quit it afterward even when a step fails. Cucumber creates new instances of glue classes per scenario. If multiple glue classes need shared scenario data, use dependency injection rather than static variables; Cucumber documents PicoContainer as an option when the application does not already use another DI module, and also lists Spring and Guice integrations.
- Keep driver instances and mutable test data isolated per scenario.
- Use hooks or an equivalent lifecycle mechanism for setup and cleanup.
- Do not rely on static mutable state to pass values between scenarios.
- Use stable waits and application-specific selectors rather than arbitrary timing assumptions.
Run scenarios in parallel when safe
Cucumber’s TestNG integration can parallelize scenarios and rows in a Scenario Outline through the runner’s DataProvider. The documented parallel runner pattern is:
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package parallel;
import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
public class RunCucumberTest extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
@Override
@DataProvider(parallel = true)
public Object[][] scenarios() {
return super.scenarios();
}
}Apply the same feature and glue configuration used by the serial runner. Run the suite through Maven Surefire or Failsafe, as appropriate for the project. Parallel execution increases concurrency, but does not isolate shared application state automatically.
- Give each scenario its own browser session.
- Ensure accounts, records, and fixtures are not modified concurrently in conflicting ways.
- Check that hooks and shared services are safe under concurrent use.
- Increase concurrency only as far as the available browsers and test environment can support.
Choose local browsers or Selenium Grid
A small suite can run against browsers on the development or CI machine. Selenium Manager is Selenium’s default browser and driver management tool in Selenium bindings. Use Grid when sessions need to run remotely, across machines, browser versions, or platforms; Grid routes WebDriver scripts to remote browser instances and supports parallel execution.
| Approach | Good fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Local browser execution | Small suites, local debugging, or a limited browser matrix. | Concurrency and environment coverage are constrained by the machine running the tests. |
| Selenium Grid | Remote or distributed sessions and broader browser or platform coverage. | Requires operating or accessing a Grid and coordinating its available capacity. |
Or skip the browser setup
For a screenshot of a URL rather than an interactive Selenium test, ScreenshotNeo is a separate website screenshot API and MCP server, not a replacement for Cucumber scenarios or TestNG assertions. One GET request can return an image or PDF. This cURL example saves a WebP shot of the example search page; see the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for options:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com/search -o shot.webpScreenshotNeo accepts cookie or consent banners and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, with response headers indicating the page verdict and billing outcome. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for AI agents. The Free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots.
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Troubleshoot common integration failures
- Maven reports no tests or does not run the runner: Check the configured Surefire or Failsafe plugin’s class discovery conventions, the runner name, and that the class is in the test source tree. Confirm the Maven test phase selects the class.
- Cucumber says a step is undefined: Check that the expression matches the feature step, the glue option points to the correct Java package, and the step definition is compiled in the test classpath.
- Cucumber or TestNG classes cannot be found: Verify the Cucumber Java and TestNG integration artifacts and TestNG are test dependencies, and align all Cucumber artifact versions.
- Scenarios run but assertions are missing: Cucumber does not provide assertions. Add TestNG assertions or another assertion library and make explicit checks on observable outcomes.
- Browser startup fails: Verify the selected browser is installed and compatible with the Selenium setup; consult current Selenium installation guidance and Selenium Manager documentation rather than pinning an obsolete driver instruction.
- Parallel runs fail intermittently: Look for shared browser instances, static state, reused test accounts, or fixtures mutated by multiple scenarios. Isolate sessions and data before raising concurrency.
- Remote sessions cannot start: Check Grid availability, configured remote endpoint and browser capabilities, and available Grid capacity.
Version and maintenance notes
Exact dependency versions and supported Java/browser combinations change. Select Selenium Java versions using Selenium’s current installation guidance, and check Cucumber’s current JVM documentation for aligned artifact versions. Revisit Maven plugin discovery and browser setup when upgrading: a runner that compiles may still not be selected by the project’s test plugin.
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