The reliable way to clone WordPress is to move both the complete file set and the database, then perform a serialization-safe URL replacement on the copy. Changing only home or siteurl leaves old addresses inside posts, widgets, theme settings, plugin data and serialized options. That is why images, layouts and links often fail after an otherwise successful move.
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Work from a backup, keep the destination private, preview the replacement with WP-CLI, flush rewrites and caches, and test the clone before changing DNS. The sequence below covers a staging copy, a move to a new domain and a move to a different path such as /blog.
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A clone is usable only when it contains the same application files and database state as the source. Exporting posts alone, or copying only the web directory, produces an incomplete site.
- WordPress core and configuration: the document-root files, including
wp-config.phpand server rules where appropriate. wp-content: uploads, active and inactive themes, plugins, language files and any custom code.- The database: posts, pages, users, options, menus, widget settings, plugin data, theme customizer values and other content.
- Infrastructure dependencies: the destination database, PHP/runtime settings, scheduled jobs, DNS, CDN rules, mail delivery and third-party callbacks must be reviewed separately.
WordPress’s Developer Handbook warns that a domain or URL change creates additional concerns because old addresses can remain throughout the database. A file copy does not rewrite those values.
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Plan the move before touching the source
Choose a maintenance window and record versions
Pick a period when content changes are minimal. Record the WordPress version, PHP version, active theme, plugins, multisite status and any unusual server or CDN settings. This inventory gives you a comparison point if the destination behaves differently and identifies extensions that need separate configuration.
Decide whether the clone is private
A staging copy should normally require authentication or an equivalent access control. Discouraging indexing in WordPress is useful, but a robots directive is not a security boundary: crawlers and people can still reach a public URL. Keep the clone inaccessible while you replace URLs and test it, and plan when indexing will be enabled after launch.
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Freeze writes long enough to get a consistent backup
Pause publishing, form submissions and automated imports during the export. If the source keeps changing while files and the database are copied, the two parts can represent different moments. Note the exact backup time so you know what content is included.
Back up the source files and database
WordPress’s migration guidance calls for a backup of the WordPress directory, images, plugins, other files and the database before a move. Keep the original backup outside the destination and verify that it can be read before proceeding.
Export with WP-CLI
From the source site’s WordPress directory, export the database:
wp db export backup.sql
Copy the complete site directory, including wp-content/uploads, themes, plugins and any custom files. Do not rely on a browser download of the media library alone; the database contains the attachment records and relationships that make those files appear in WordPress.
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List DNS records, web-server redirects, CDN configuration, cron jobs, mail forms, analytics settings and third-party webhooks. They are outside the normal WordPress tables and will not be fixed by a database search-and-replace.
Build an isolated destination
Create the hosting and database environment
Create the destination hosting account, database, database user and document root. Match the source’s PHP and WordPress requirements before importing content. Copy the files to the destination and set file ownership and permissions appropriate to that host.
Import the database
Upload the SQL export and import it from the destination WordPress directory:
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wp db import backup.sql
Do not point the production domain at this environment yet. Use a temporary hostname or protected staging address while you work.
Prevent accidental mail and indexing
Staging can send password resets, form notifications or transactional mail to real recipients if it inherits production settings. Disable or redirect outbound mail until testing is complete. Keep HTTP authentication, an IP restriction or another access control in place, and use the site’s reading settings to discourage search engines as a second precaution.
Set the destination URL values
WordPress stores its primary addresses in the home and siteurl rows of wp_options. When the domain or path changes, set both to the destination address so WordPress can load its front end and administration correctly.
Change the options with WP-CLI
Run these commands from the destination directory, replacing the example address with the exact scheme, host and path you will use:
wp option update home 'https://new.example'
wp option update siteurl 'https://new.example'
For a subdirectory, include it in both values, for example https://new.example/blog. Keep the trailing-slash convention consistent with the source and destination. If WP_HOME or WP_SITEURL is defined in wp-config.php, those constants can override database values; update the configuration deliberately rather than changing the database and assuming the constants no longer apply.
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Why changing only these rows is insufficient
The options tell WordPress where it lives, but old URLs can still be embedded in post content, widgets, menus, theme settings, plugin tables and custom fields. A page may therefore load while its images, stylesheets or internal links still request the old host. A database-wide, serialization-aware replacement on the copied database is the normal next step.
Replace old URLs safely with WP-CLI
Preview the replacement first
From the destination WordPress directory, run a dry run:
wp search-replace 'https://old.example' 'https://new.example' --all-tables --dry-run
The WP-CLI command searches and replaces strings in database tables and reports how many rows and values would change without writing them. Review the report for unexpected tables, an incorrect old address or a replacement count that is implausibly low or high.
Run the approved replacement
After checking the dry-run output, run the same command without --dry-run:
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wp search-replace 'https://old.example' 'https://new.example' --all-tables
WP-CLI intelligently handles PHP serialized data. That matters because serialized arrays store string lengths; a plain SQL text edit can leave those lengths wrong when the new URL has a different number of characters, causing settings to disappear or errors when PHP unserializes the value.
Preserve GUIDs unless you have a specific reason not to
WordPress post GUIDs are identifiers, not ordinary display URLs. WP-CLI documents skipping the guid column during a normal domain move:
wp search-replace 'https://old.example' 'https://new.example' --all-tables --skip-columns=guid
Use that option when you are changing the public address but do not intend to redefine the identity of existing posts. If your migration has a deliberate GUID policy, document it before running the replacement rather than changing the column casually.
Handle multisite deliberately
In a multisite installation, first identify whether you are moving one site or the entire network. Target the correct site URL and tables. Use WP-CLI’s documented network mode only when the whole network should change; applying a network-wide replacement to a single-site move can alter other sites. Treat domain-mapping tables and network settings as a separate review item.
Account for protocol and path variants
If the old site has both HTTP and HTTPS references, or existed at more than one path, inspect the dry-run results for each form. Replace the exact forms that are genuinely obsolete. Do not perform a broad replacement that could alter an unrelated hostname containing the same text. If you are moving from a subdirectory to the root, include the path in the old value and test links that previously contained that directory.
Refresh rewrites and caches
After the database replacement, regenerate rewrite rules and clear object caches from the destination directory:
wp rewrite flush
wp cache flush
Flushing rewrites updates the rules used for pretty permalinks. Clearing the WordPress object cache removes values that may still contain the old address. Also purge any host-level, CDN or page-cache layer that is outside WordPress; those caches have their own controls and are not cleared by wp cache flush.
Validate the private clone before DNS changes
Crawl the clone while it remains protected. Test representative content rather than only the home page, and compare the results with the source.
| Area | What to test | Typical symptom of a missed reference |
|---|---|---|
| Front end | Home page, several recent posts, older posts, pages, category archives and tag archives | 404 responses, redirects to the old host or links that still contain the old path |
| Media | Featured images, inline images, PDFs and other uploads from different dates | Broken images, downloads from the old domain or mixed-content warnings |
| Theme and assets | Desktop and mobile layouts, CSS, JavaScript, fonts and customizer settings | Unstyled pages, missing scripts, wrong colors or a theme panel that appears reset |
| Navigation | Menus, breadcrumbs, pagination, search results and internal links | Loops, links to the source site or incorrect subdirectory paths |
| Accounts | Administrator login, a normal user login, logout, password reset and capability checks | Login loops, cookies scoped to the wrong host or reset links sent to the source |
| Forms | Contact, comment, newsletter and upload forms; verify delivery in a safe mailbox | Submission errors, mail sent to production or callbacks aimed at the old endpoint |
| Search and SEO | Canonical tags, XML sitemaps, pagination, robots behavior and any noindex control | Canonical URLs point to the old host, a staging copy is crawlable or sitemaps list obsolete URLs |
| HTTP behavior | HTTPS, redirect chains, trailing slashes and common old URLs | Mixed content, loops, too many redirects or inconsistent slash handling |
Check for old addresses directly
Search the rendered HTML, browser developer tools and server logs for the old hostname. Inspect CSS and JavaScript responses as well as page markup; a URL can be hard-coded in an asset or a theme file and never appear in post content. Compare a sample of source and clone URLs for 404s and unexpected redirects.
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Review scheduled and external operations
Confirm that cron jobs, payment or form callbacks, analytics collection, CDN origins, DNS records and web-server redirects reference the correct environment. These integrations are not necessarily stored in WordPress tables, so a successful wp search-replace does not prove they were updated.
Cut over only after validation
Prepare DNS
When practical, lower the DNS TTL before the planned change so resolvers refresh the record sooner. Point the production domain to the validated destination only after the private crawl and functional tests pass.
Keep the source available
Do not immediately delete or overwrite the old site. Keep the pre-migration backup and, where feasible, the old environment available while DNS propagates. Watch access and error logs for normal traffic, unexpected requests to the old host, 404s and redirect loops.
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Test the public domain from more than one network after DNS changes. Recheck canonical tags, sitemaps, forms and login because a proxy, CDN or production-only rule can behave differently from the staging hostname. Turn indexing controls back on at the intended launch point and remove temporary access restrictions only when the site is ready for public traffic.
Common failure modes and their fixes
Only siteurl was changed
Symptom: WordPress opens at the new address, but content links, images or plugin settings still point to the old one.
Fix: Set both home and siteurl, then run a database-wide, serialization-aware replacement on the copy. Check for constants in wp-config.php that override the database.
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Symptom: Theme or plugin options vanish, widgets reset or PHP reports unserialization errors.
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Fix: Restore the untouched backup and repeat the operation with WP-CLI or another tool that understands PHP serialization. Do not try to repair altered serialized strings by hand unless you fully understand the data structure.
Rewrites or caches were left stale
Symptom: A replacement report looks correct, but pretty URLs return 404s or visitors see old content.
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Fix: Run wp rewrite flush and wp cache flush, then purge external page and CDN caches and retest in a fresh browser session.
The staging copy was indexable
Symptom: Search engines discover duplicate pages or users arrive at a pre-launch hostname.
Fix: Protect staging with authentication or equivalent access control, discourage indexing, remove public links and inspect robots and sitemap output before launch. If the clone was already indexed, handle the resulting URLs deliberately rather than assuming a robots change erases them immediately.
Non-WordPress references were missed
Symptom: WordPress pages work, but webhooks, scheduled jobs, mail, analytics or CDN delivery fail.
Fix: Use the infrastructure inventory made before the move. Update DNS, server redirects, cron commands, mail settings, analytics properties, CDN origins and third-party callback URLs independently, then exercise each integration.
The wrong tables were replaced
Symptom: A multisite neighbor changes unexpectedly, or the replacement count includes data belonging to another environment.
Fix: Restore the backup, identify the intended site and table scope, and use the appropriate WP-CLI table or network controls. A dry run should always precede the write operation.
Rollback plan
Rollback is simplest when the original site remains untouched and the backup is retained. If validation fails, stop the cutover, keep DNS pointed at the source, and correct the destination. If the new site is already public and must be withdrawn, repoint DNS to the source, restore any changed external records, and preserve logs from the failed attempt. Do not import a destination database over the source merely to reverse a URL replacement; that can overwrite legitimate content added after the clone was created.
A repeatable migration checklist
- Schedule a quiet window and record WordPress, PHP, theme and plugin versions.
- Freeze writes, export the database and copy the complete WordPress directory.
- Inventory DNS, redirects, CDN, cron, mail, analytics and webhook dependencies.
- Create a protected destination with its own database and document root.
- Copy files and import the SQL dump with
wp db import backup.sql. - Set destination
homeandsiteurlvalues, accounting for any configuration constants. - Run
wp search-replacewith--dry-run, inspect the report and confirm the scope. - Run the approved serialization-safe replacement, normally preserving
guid. - Flush rewrites and object cache, then purge external caches.
- Crawl pages, media, assets, forms, accounts, redirects, canonicals, sitemaps and robots behavior.
- Update non-WordPress services, lower or confirm DNS TTL, and cut over only after tests pass.
- Monitor logs after propagation, retain the backup and remove staging restrictions only when launch is intentional.
Bottom line
A broken-link-free clone is a controlled data migration, not a file copy. Move the files and database together, change the destination URL settings, use WP-CLI’s dry-run and serialization-aware replacement, refresh rewrite and cache state, and prove the clone works while it is private. Only then should DNS and indexing change.
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