The right identity provider is not simply the one with the highest uptime percentage. Choose the provider that can keep authentication usable during an infrastructure or regional outage and can also restore your tenant’s users, groups, policies, applications, relationships and secrets after deletion, corruption or compromise.
Start by setting business-approved recovery time objective (RTO) and recovery point objective (RPO) targets. Then test every provider against the same failure scenarios, including degraded operation, tenant lockout, hard deletion and loss of your normal administrator access. An availability SLA, regional failover promise and tenant-backup feature solve different problems; your decision should account for all three.
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What “strong disaster recovery” means for an identity provider
Identity resilience has two separate jobs. The first is service continuity: keeping sign-in and application access working when a provider region, availability zone, network or storage system fails. The second is tenant recoverability: restoring your directory configuration after an administrator deletes objects, changes a policy incorrectly, loses a secret or an attacker modifies the tenant.
A provider can be highly redundant and still offer limited recovery for customer-created changes. Conversely, a provider may offer tenant backups that do not help if users cannot authenticate during a regional outage. Evaluate these capabilities independently.
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- Infrastructure resilience: redundancy, replication, monitoring and automated mitigation operated by the provider.
- Regional failover: movement of service to another region or cell after a qualifying outage.
- Degraded-mode access: the actions available while failover is in progress or while the service is read-only.
- Tenant recovery: backup and restoration of directory objects, policies, relationships and other configuration.
- Customer operating readiness: emergency accounts, independent authentication methods, documented procedures and tested recovery drills.
Microsoft summarizes this distinction directly in its tenant-recoverability guidance: “Resilience and recoverability aren’t individual product features.” Treat that as a design principle rather than a product checklist.
Set RTO and RPO targets before comparing providers
An RTO is the maximum acceptable time before a function is usable again. An RPO is the maximum acceptable age of the data you may have to recreate or lose. Have business owners approve both targets; technical teams should not choose them in isolation.
Translate business needs into identity scenarios
| Failure scenario | RTO question | RPO question | Evidence to request |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary provider region fails | How soon can users authenticate and reach critical applications? | Are recent policy and directory changes present after failover? | Failover trigger, clock start, first successful authentication and full-service restoration definitions. |
| Provider operates in read-only mode | Can users sign in while administrators cannot change settings? | Which writes are queued, rejected or lost? | Documented degraded-mode behavior for sign-in, password resets, MFA enrollment and policy changes. |
| Administrator deletes users, groups or applications | How quickly can the exact objects be restored? | How old is the newest usable backup? | Supported object types, backup cadence, retention and restore-fidelity demonstration. |
| Hard deletion or malicious modification | Can the tenant be rebuilt within the business target? | Is there an immutable point before the compromise? | Hard-delete handling, immutable or isolated copies, investigation logs and clean-room restore process. |
| Federation, network or MFA dependency fails | Can administrators and users use an alternate path? | Are emergency changes recorded and recoverable? | Break-glass account design, alternate factors and documented bypass controls. |
Do not accept a provider’s RTO number until you know whether it measures failover initiation, first read-only access, first successful login or complete restoration. Those are materially different outcomes.
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Use one comparison framework for every provider
Score each candidate against identical questions and scenarios. A simple spreadsheet is enough, provided every score links to contract language, product documentation or a demonstrated test.
| Evaluation area | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Service failure and failover | What event triggers failover? Is it automatic, provider-initiated or customer-initiated? Which regions or cells serve your tenant? When does the recovery clock begin? |
| Degraded-mode usability | Can users authenticate and open applications? Are administrators read-only? Are password resets, MFA recovery, policy changes or provisioning unavailable? |
| Contractual commitment | Is the figure an SLA, service-level objective, target or contractual RTO? What products, regions, tiers, exclusions, customer duties and service credits apply? |
| Tenant recovery | Which objects, attributes, memberships, links, policies and secrets can be restored? What must be recreated manually? |
| Backup design | What is the cadence, retention, storage location, immutability and isolation? Can you access backups during a tenant lockout? |
| Customer dependencies | Does authentication rely on federation, on-premises connectivity, one MFA method, a particular network or a repository protected by the same tenant? |
| Recovery operations | Which roles can initiate restoration? How much customer work is required? Are audit logs retained long enough to investigate? |
| Fit and cost | Which license or service tier is required? Are workloads or products excluded? Does the tested behavior meet your approved RTO and RPO? |
Examine failover behavior, not just uptime
An availability percentage describes whether a defined service was operational under a provider’s measurement rules. It does not tell you what your administrators can do during an outage or whether customer configuration can be restored. Ask for the provider’s exact uptime calculation, eligible services, geographic scope, exclusions and remedy.
Microsoft Entra
Microsoft describes Entra as a distributed cloud identity service with layered redundancy, monitoring and automated mitigation, and states a 99.99% availability SLA in its tenant-recoverability guidance. That figure is a service-level claim; it is not a promise to undo customer changes.
Microsoft also says resilience depends on tenant configuration and integrations. Federation and on-premises dependencies can create an outage even when the cloud service is operating. Authentication methods and application handling of transient failures therefore belong in your test plan.
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Microsoft’s architecture overview says writes are durably committed to at least two datacenters before acknowledgment and that directory data is backed up daily for service-wide issues. These statements concern service resilience. They should not be treated as the same thing as the separate customer-facing backup feature for tenant recovery.
Okta
Okta’s support documentation says it initiates failover to a secondary disaster-recovery region when the primary region and its availability zones fail because of an infrastructure outage. Standard failover usually takes one hour after Okta identifies the outage. During that state, administrators have read-only access to the Admin Console, users can continue accessing applications, and password resets are unavailable.
Okta’s Enhanced Disaster Recovery documentation describes a five-minute RTO for affected production organizations during a regional failure. Its commitment terms specify no more than five minutes to enable read-only access and up to 24 hours for full-service restoration after a qualifying service outage, subject to the agreement. The five-minute measure is the time to execute failover until read-only traffic can be routed, not a guarantee that every administrative function is restored. The documentation labels self-service Enhanced DR as early access.
Okta lists exclusions that include Okta Workflows, Identity Governance, Identity Threat Protection and Auth0 Customer Identity Cloud. Its regional DR does not protect against denial-of-service attacks, third-party vendor or application connection failures, malicious data deletion or modification, or configuration errors. The DR Admin app requires locally sourced Okta credentials and a supported MFA factor; it does not support external identity-provider authentication during a primary-tenant outage.
Google Cloud Identity
Google’s Cloud Identity SLA covers Cloud Identity Management and Google Groups for Business ordered through Cloud Identity Premium. It states a 99.9% monthly availability commitment and defines downtime using a domain’s server-side user-error rate exceeding five percent. The SLA also excludes issues caused by customer or third-party equipment.
This is a scoped availability commitment, not evidence that every Google identity offering includes a particular backup, restore or tenant-rebuild capability. Request separate recovery documentation for the exact services and edition you intend to use.
Why the published figures are not directly comparable
The Microsoft, Okta and Google figures use different scopes, clocks, degraded modes, eligibility rules and exclusions. One may describe monthly availability, another read-only failover and another full-service restoration. Present them as vendor-specific commitments, not as an independent ranking.
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Inspect tenant-backup scope and restore fidelity
Ask the provider to enumerate every object and property that can be backed up and restored. “Configuration backup” may omit relationships or secrets that are essential to operation.
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Microsoft Entra Backup and Recovery automatically backs up supported objects once daily and retains up to seven days of backup history. It requires a workforce tenant with Entra ID P1 or P2.
Supported categories include users, groups, applications, service principals, Conditional Access policies, named locations, authentication-method policy and selected authorization-policy properties. Confirm the exact properties included for your tenant; support for an object category does not mean every attribute or relationship is restored.
The built-in feature does not recover or recreate hard-deleted objects. Microsoft separately documents restoration of certain soft-deleted objects for 30 days. Treat the 30-day period as a deletion-specific window, not as general backup retention.
Hybrid tenants need an additional plan. Objects managed in on-premises Active Directory Domain Services have a different source of authority and may require protection and restoration procedures outside the cloud feature.
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- Are group memberships, application assignments, role assignments and policy links restored together or separately?
- Can secrets, certificates and signing keys be recovered, or must they be rotated and reissued?
- Does restoration preserve object identifiers needed by applications?
- Can you restore one object without overwriting newer, valid changes?
- What happens when an object was hard-deleted, renamed or modified by an attacker?
- Can a clean copy be exported while the tenant is locked or under investigation?
Keep backups independent of the identity tenant
A backup that can be reached only through the same identity system it is meant to protect creates a circular dependency. If a tenant-wide lockout disables the accounts and policies needed to reach the repository, the backup may be technically present but operationally unavailable.
Microsoft recommends maintaining an external, versioned known-good state, retaining audit logs longer than the typical 30-day default, monitoring and alerting, and testing recovery regularly. Store recovery records and backup access under controls that do not depend exclusively on the production tenant. Document who can retrieve them and how that person is authenticated.
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For each provider, verify:
- Whether copies are immutable or protected from ordinary administrator deletion.
- Whether storage is isolated from the production tenant and its administrators.
- How long versions remain available and whether retention is configurable.
- Whether backups are encrypted and who controls the keys.
- Whether export or restore works during a provider outage or tenant lockout.
Design administrator access for the worst day
Recovery depends on people as much as technology. Microsoft advises defining the human element of recovery before a crisis, including known-good configuration records, emergency-access accounts, multiple authentication methods and alternative access-control options.
Build emergency access that does not create a new vulnerability
- Create at least two emergency administrator accounts with tightly controlled, locally sourced credentials where the provider supports them.
- Use strong, independent MFA factors and keep recovery material in a protected offline or separately administered location.
- Monitor every use of an emergency account and require a post-incident review.
- Ensure the emergency path does not depend on the same federation, network, device-management system or MFA service that may be unavailable.
- Assign more than one trained person to recovery duties so a single absence cannot block restoration.
Do not disable normal security controls permanently for convenience. The goal is a rehearsed, auditable alternate path, not an unmonitored bypass.
Read the contract and licensing details
Disaster-recovery marketing often combines an availability SLA, an optional DR tier and operational guidance. Separate each promise in the agreement.
- Eligibility: confirm the tenant type, subscription, region, product edition and workload covered.
- Clock definition: identify whether time starts when the provider detects the event, declares an outage, begins failover or receives your report.
- Service state: determine whether the commitment covers read-only access, authentication only or full administrative functionality.
- Exclusions: look for customer configuration errors, malicious changes, denial-of-service attacks, third-party dependencies and force-majeure events.
- Remedy: understand whether a missed commitment produces service credits only, and whether credits are your exclusive remedy.
- Operational duties: note requirements for emergency accounts, supported MFA, network configuration, support contacts and customer-run tests.
Licensing can also change recovery scope. A backup feature may require a higher identity tier, while an enhanced failover option may exclude specific products. Price the licenses needed for the complete architecture, not only the base directory.
Run a proof exercise before production commitment
Documentation is necessary but insufficient. Require a tabletop exercise and a nonproduction technical test that use your own policies, applications and dependencies.
- Define success criteria. Write the approved RTO and RPO for authentication, critical applications, administration and tenant restoration.
- Inventory dependencies. List federation servers, on-premises directories, DNS, networks, MFA factors, certificate authorities, provisioning connectors and backup repositories.
- Prepare a known-good baseline. Export configuration records, object inventories, policy versions, application assignments and emergency-account details.
- Simulate provider-region failure. Measure the time to first successful user sign-in, application access, administrator access and recovery of normal write operations.
- Test degraded mode. Attempt password reset, MFA recovery, policy change, user creation, group membership change and application assignment. Record which actions fail.
- Simulate accidental deletion. Delete representative users, groups, applications and policies in a safe environment, then restore them and verify identifiers, relationships and application behavior.
- Simulate hard deletion or compromise. Follow the clean recovery process from an isolated backup or known-good export. Measure manual recreation and secret rotation work.
- Test administrator lockout. Use the documented emergency path without relying on external federation or the normal MFA route.
- Capture evidence. Save timestamps, logs, operator actions, failed steps and data differences. Turn gaps into owners and deadlines.
- Repeat periodically. Re-run after major policy, integration, provider or licensing changes and at a business-approved interval.
Common selection mistakes and how to avoid them
Mistake: choosing the largest uptime percentage
Fix: compare the service definition, downtime threshold, degraded mode and remedy. Then separately score tenant restoration.
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Fix: ask how hard-deleted objects, malicious changes, policies, relationships and secrets are recovered. Require a demonstrated restore.
Mistake: accepting an RTO without identifying the clock
Fix: document whether the number means failover start, read-only traffic, first authentication or full restoration.
Mistake: ignoring federation and on-premises systems
Fix: test authentication when each dependency is unavailable and provide an alternate emergency route.
Mistake: storing recovery data behind the same tenant
Fix: isolate backup access, retain independent configuration records and verify retrieval during lockout.
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Fix: read exclusions for deletion, configuration errors, attacks and third-party failures. Add customer-run backups and procedures where the provider’s scope ends.
Mistake: testing only once during implementation
Fix: schedule recurring tabletop and nonproduction exercises, with measurable RTO/RPO results and named remediation owners.
Questions to put to every vendor
- What primary and recovery regions or cells serve our tenant?
- Which customer-specific conditions trigger failover, and can customers initiate it?
- What exactly does the advertised recovery time measure?
- Which actions remain available during degraded mode?
- Which objects, attributes, memberships, relationships, policies and secrets are backed up?
- What are backup cadence, retention, immutability and storage location?
- Can backups be reached if the tenant is locked, compromised or unavailable?
- How do procedures differ for soft deletion, hard deletion, malicious change and infrastructure failure?
- Which licenses, tiers, geographies and product exclusions apply?
- What remedy applies if an availability or DR commitment is missed?
- How do we preserve emergency administrator access if federation or normal MFA fails?
- Will you demonstrate our highest-impact scenarios in a nonproduction environment and help us measure RTO and RPO?
A practical decision rule
Select the provider that meets your business-approved RTO and RPO across the scenarios that matter, not the provider with the most impressive isolated metric. Require evidence for four separate capabilities: usable authentication during provider failure, clear degraded-mode behavior, recoverable tenant configuration and an independent customer operating plan.
Document every exclusion and manual step. If a provider cannot restore a required object, cannot provide an independent recovery path or cannot demonstrate the promised behavior, treat that gap as part of the total cost and risk of the design. A strong identity DR program is the combination of provider engineering, contract terms, tenant-level protection and rehearsed human procedures.
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