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Choose the trust boundary before you choose the processor. Intel SGX protects an application enclave and produces evidence about enclave software. Intel TDX, AMD SEV-SNP, and most cloud confidential-computing services protect an entire virtual machine. Moving an SGX workload into a confidential VM is therefore a security-architecture decision, not a feature-for-feature replacement.
If the application can trust a complete guest operating system, a confidential VM may simplify migration and operations. If only a small, measured code and data set may be trusted, preserve an enclave-sized boundary or redesign the application around one. Compare candidates by trust boundary, migration shape, attestation and key release, guest compatibility, hardware availability, operations, measured performance, cost, and accelerator support.
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1. Define what must be inside the trust boundary
Write down the code, data, operators, and infrastructure that a relying party is willing to trust. In an SGX design, the enclave is the protected unit. The operating system, hypervisor, and much of the host can be outside that boundary while the enclave proves its identity through attestation. Intel describes TDX as a trust-domain technology that isolates and attests a virtual machine instead. A TDX guest normally includes its operating system, kernel, libraries, and application in the measured domain.
That distinction changes the threat model. A VM-level design can reduce application changes, but it increases the amount of software whose configuration and measurements matter. It also changes what a key-release service must verify. An enclave policy may release a key only to one enclave measurement; a VM policy may need to verify firmware, virtual-machine launch measurements, guest image, kernel, and runtime configuration.
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Questions to answer before comparing products
- Does the relying party accept the guest operating system and its administrators as part of the trusted computing base?
- Which exact measurements are consumed today from SGX attestation, and are they tied to a particular SDK, enclave identity, or signer?
- Must secrets be released before boot, during boot, or after application-level health checks?
- Can the application tolerate a larger trusted code base, or must sensitive operations remain in a small component?
- Are side-channel, rollback, replay, device, and denial-of-service risks addressed separately from memory confidentiality?
Confidential computing does not remove the need to trust hardware, firmware, attestation services, guest configuration, or the policy that releases keys. It limits some classes of host access; it is not a universal security guarantee.
2. Identify how the SGX application is built
Intel’s migration guidance treats architecture identification as the first practical step. The two common patterns have different migration effort and risk.
SGX SDK application
An SDK-based application separates trusted enclave code from untrusted host code through enclave calls and restricted interfaces. It often has explicit enclave measurements, sealing keys, enclave-specific storage, and a relying party that validates SGX evidence. Moving this application to a VM may eliminate the enclave boundary, so you must redesign key policies, input validation, storage protection, and the attestation verifier. In some cases, keeping the sensitive component as an enclave while moving surrounding services to a confidential VM is safer than a complete rewrite.
Library-OS or compatibility-layer application
A library-OS design packages a larger application environment inside the protected execution unit. Such an application may map more naturally to a confidential VM or a confidential-container runtime because its existing process model already assumes a broad protected environment. Verify system calls, filesystems, networking, signals, threading, and device access rather than assuming binary compatibility.
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Record the current SGX contract
- Inventory enclave binaries, signer identities, measurement values, SDK and compiler versions, and sealing-key derivation rules.
- Document every attestation consumer, including the evidence fields it checks and the conditions that trigger key release.
- List trusted and untrusted components, administrator roles, update procedures, persistent data, and external devices.
- Classify the workload as SDK-based, library-OS-based, or a mixed architecture with no single migration path.
3. Compare platforms on the decisions that matter
| Decision axis | What to ask | Implication |
|---|---|---|
| Trust boundary and TCB | Must only a small application component be trusted, or is the complete guest VM acceptable? | SGX is application/enclave-level. TDX and SEV-SNP are VM-level; a move can change the security architecture. |
| Migration shape | Is the workload SDK-based, library-OS-based, containerized, or already VM-native? | SDK applications may need enclave redesign or a split architecture. Library-OS and VM-native workloads may fit a confidential VM more directly. |
| Attestation and key release | Who validates hardware and boot evidence? Which measurements and post-boot checks are mandatory? | Evidence formats, verifier services, preview features, and key-release controls differ by provider and technology. |
| Hardware and availability | Which CPU platform, machine type, region, server generation, and capacity are actually offered? | Confidential computing is tied to particular machine families and CPU platforms. Availability and geography must be checked at deployment time. |
| Guest compatibility | Are the required OS image, kernel, drivers, orchestration, storage, and devices supported? | A confidential VM image must meet security and compatibility requirements; ordinary images are not automatically eligible. |
| Operations | Do you require live migration, debugging, memory dumps, snapshots, or host-level diagnostics? | Some capabilities change or disappear. For example, Azure documents that host memory dumps are unavailable for confidential VMs. |
| Performance and cost | What is the cost and latency under the real workload, including attestation and encryption overhead? | No cross-provider benchmark establishes a universal winner. Measure your own application and include capacity and operational costs. |
| GPU and accelerator support | Must sensitive data or a model remain protected while running on an accelerator? | Only certain linked CPU and GPU combinations support confidential operation. Verify the exact series and driver stack. |
| Provider separation | Should the cloud provider operate attestation and key services, or should your organization control more of that TCB? | More control can add integration and operational responsibility, especially for preview features. |
4. Understand the main platform families
Intel TDX
TDX creates hardware-isolated trust domains for virtual machines and provides attestation of the VM environment. It is a destination identified in Intel’s migration guidance for SGX applications, but it is not an enclave-compatible drop-in. The guest operating system and its boot chain become part of the protected and measured domain. TDX is appropriate when a VM-sized boundary matches the threat model or when a workload benefits from standard VM tooling.
AMD SEV-SNP
SEV-SNP protects confidential virtual machines and adds hardware protections intended to address attacks such as data replay and memory remapping. Google documents that attestation reports can be requested directly from AMD’s Secure Processor. In practice, the cloud provider’s machine type, report-delivery path, verifier, and key-release integration determine how you consume that evidence. Do not treat a provider’s SEV-SNP label as proof that every guest image or region is available.
Provider-managed confidential VMs
Cloud services expose confidential VM families built on technologies such as SEV-SNP and TDX. The service may supply image validation, attestation endpoints, key-management integration, monitoring, and orchestration hooks. Those conveniences can reduce engineering work, but they also make the provider’s control plane and policy services part of your operational trust model. A product list does not establish a region, service-level agreement, price, compliance approval, or supported device; verify each item in the live catalog.
Confidential Containers
Intel describes Confidential Containers as an open-source, hardware-isolated and attested container approach based on Kata technology. Its documentation describes deployment on TDX-protected VMs with Trustee for attestation. This is a packaging and deployment option on top of a hardware root of trust, not a separate CPU security technology and not an automatic source-compatible replacement for an SGX enclave. Evaluate container image measurements, runtime configuration, node isolation, and secret-release policy.
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Google lists Arm CCA, IBM Z, IBM LinuxONE, and NVIDIA Confidential GPU among confidential-computing technologies. The available documentation does not provide equivalent current deployment detail for each, so treat them as investigation candidates rather than a directly comparable shortlist. Require the same evidence: exact hardware, attestation format, supported guest software, key-release controls, operations, and regional availability.
5. Treat attestation and key release as a product workflow
Attestation is not a single checkbox. Define who verifies the evidence, what is measured, how freshness is established, and which policy releases each secret.
SEV-SNP workflow
For SEV-SNP confidential VMs, Azure documents boot-time attestation and additional post-boot checks. A robust design should bind key release to the expected VM launch and boot measurements, then require application health evidence before releasing long-lived secrets. Google documents a path in which an attestation report is requested from AMD’s Secure Processor; your verifier still needs to validate signatures, freshness, expected measurements, and policy context.
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Azure documents transparent boot-flow attestation for TDX and additional checks after boot. It also identifies Intel Trust Authority as an option. Confirm whether the service returns raw evidence, a provider assertion, or both, and whether your relying party can validate it independently. TDX NonPersistedTPM is identified in the Azure documentation as a public preview that can bypass native Azure services. Microsoft’s Azure confidential VM FAQ says: “Developers seeking further ‘separation of duties’ for TCB services from the cloud service provider should use security type ‘NonPersistedTPM.’” A preview feature should not be made the sole production dependency without a documented support and rollback plan.
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Design the release policy
- Set an allow-list of hardware and firmware identities, VM image digests, kernel versions, and security configuration.
- Require fresh evidence with nonce and expiration checks to prevent replay.
- Separate boot authorization from application authorization; a correctly booted VM is not proof that the application is healthy.
- Release only the minimum secret needed for the next stage, using short-lived credentials where possible.
- Log verification decisions without logging plaintext keys or sensitive attestation payloads.
- Plan revocation for image updates, firmware changes, compromised identities, and provider feature changes.
6. Check workload, image, and device compatibility
Start with the provider’s supported confidential image list, then validate the exact kernel and drivers. Azure notes that confidential VM images must satisfy security and compatibility requirements. Check whether your distribution supports encrypted memory, measured boot, virtualized TPM behavior, disk encryption, secure boot, and the required orchestration version.
- Operating system: Confirm release, kernel configuration, bootloader, secure-boot keys, and update channel.
- Storage: Test encrypted boot disks, data disks, snapshots, backup restore, and key retrieval when attestation is unavailable.
- Networking: Verify virtual NIC drivers, service-mesh sidecars, packet capture limitations, and encrypted east-west traffic.
- Devices: Test GPUs, passthrough devices, clocks, entropy sources, and hardware security modules where required.
- Orchestration: Confirm node attestation, image-policy enforcement, confidential-container runtime support, and upgrade behavior.
- Observability: Identify which metrics and logs remain available without exposing protected memory or weakening isolation.
7. Evaluate operations, performance, and cost with the real workload
Run a representative pilot rather than relying on a vendor percentage. Measure startup time, steady-state throughput, tail latency, memory pressure, encryption overhead, attestation latency, autoscaling behavior, and recovery after host or zone failure. Include the cost of eligible machine families, encrypted storage, attestation or key services, logging, standby capacity, and engineering time.
Operational features can be materially different. Google documents live migration for specified SEV machine types; that statement does not imply that every confidential VM family supports live migration. Azure states that host memory dumps are unavailable for confidential VMs, so create an application-level diagnostic plan before production. Test image updates, rollback, node replacement, incident response, and forensic evidence collection under the same restrictions.
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8. Decide whether you need confidential GPUs
AI and analytics workloads add a second trust boundary: accelerator memory and the path between CPU and GPU. Google describes NVIDIA Confidential Computing integrated with CPU confidential VM technologies for supported configurations, including AMD SEV or Intel TDX combinations. Verify the exact GPU model, CPU platform, machine series, driver, orchestration, and region before designing around it.
Ask whether the model, input data, intermediate tensors, and checkpoints all require protection. A confidential CPU VM does not automatically protect data once it is copied to an unsupported accelerator. If no supported CPU/GPU combination meets the requirement, keep sensitive stages on the CPU or redesign the pipeline so that only non-sensitive data reaches the accelerator.
9. A migration procedure that produces an auditable decision
- Write the threat model. Name the host, cloud operator, guest administrators, firmware, attestation service, and key service you are defending against or trusting.
- Map the SGX contract. Record enclave measurements, signer identities, sealing behavior, interfaces, attestation consumers, and secret-release rules.
- Classify the architecture. Mark the workload as SDK-based, library-OS-based, VM-native, containerized, or mixed. Identify components that cannot move together.
- Choose the smallest acceptable boundary. Keep an enclave, adopt a confidential VM, split the application, or use confidential containers only after documenting why the resulting TCB is acceptable.
- Shortlist hardware and regions. Match TDX, SEV-SNP, or another family to machine types, capacity, accelerator needs, and geography. Treat availability as changeable.
- Specify evidence and release policy. Define required measurements, verifier ownership, nonce and freshness rules, post-boot checks, and revocation.
- Build a compatibility test image. Exercise boot, updates, storage restore, networking, devices, orchestration, logging, and failure recovery.
- Benchmark and price the workload. Use production-like data and concurrency; include attestation, key service, standby, and operational costs.
- Run adversarial failure tests. Reject altered images, stale evidence, unexpected firmware, revoked identities, unavailable attestation, and failed key release.
- Document migration and rollback. Keep the SGX deployment or another protected fallback until the new attestation and recovery process has passed an operational review.
10. Common mistakes and how to correct them
- Calling TDX or SEV-SNP an SGX replacement: Re-state the protected unit and redo the TCB and key-release analysis.
- Assuming “confidential” means the whole stack is trusted automatically: Verify firmware, image, kernel, runtime, attestation verifier, and secret policy.
- Starting with a cloud product name: Start with application architecture and required evidence, then select a machine family.
- Using an ordinary VM image: Use a supported confidential image and test every kernel, driver, and update path.
- Releasing keys on boot evidence alone: Add post-boot application checks and short-lived credentials.
- Treating a preview as a permanent control: Record the preview status, support limits, and a migration or rollback plan.
- Assuming containers preserve enclave semantics: Measure the container image and runtime, and decide whether the VM-sized TCB is acceptable.
- Assuming GPU support from CPU support: Verify the linked CPU, GPU, driver, machine series, and region as one configuration.
- Planning diagnostics that require host memory: Design application-level logs, tracing, crash reports, and encrypted evidence collection instead.
- Using unqualified roadmap claims: Recheck current processor and cloud documentation before committing procurement or a multi-year migration.
11. What “after SGX” means for planning
Intel’s migration material reports an October 2026 roadmap announcement describing Diamond Rapids as the last Xeon platform supporting SGX, with SGX support expected into the 2030s. That is a forward-looking vendor statement, not a guarantee of availability, support policy, or unchanged cloud offerings. Verify the current processor roadmap and the exact SGX-capable infrastructure you depend on.
The practical consequence is to separate application portability from hardware purchasing. Preserve the SGX attestation contract where it remains essential, and build an abstraction around evidence verification and secret release so that a future TDX or SEV-SNP deployment can be evaluated without silently changing policy. Keep measurements, verifier code, image build rules, and rollback procedures under your control even when a provider manages the underlying service.
12. A concise selection rule
- Choose an enclave-oriented design when only a small code and data set may be trusted or when existing SGX measurements are part of the external security contract.
- Choose TDX when a measured, VM-sized boundary fits the workload and the required guest images, attestation path, and regions are available.
- Choose SEV-SNP when its hardware protections, report flow, supported machine types, and provider integration satisfy the relying party.
- Choose confidential containers when container packaging and attested deployment solve an operational problem without exceeding the acceptable VM-level TCB.
- Add confidential GPU support only when the complete CPU, GPU, driver, image, and attestation combination is documented and tested.
The best post-SGX platform is the one whose protected boundary, evidence, key policy, compatibility, and operations you can explain and test—not the one with the closest-sounding acronym.
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